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472 The MiliTary BalanCe 2010 Table 47 Selected Operational Military Satellites 2010 Country Designations Quantity Orbit launch Description and remarks USA Keyhole (KH-12) (Crystal/ Misty) 4 SSO/LEO 1996-2005 recce/surv; high-res surv USA Lacrosse (Onyx) 2 SSO/LEO 2000-2005 recce/surv USA Mentor 1/2/3 (Orion) 3 GEO 1995-2003 ELINT USA Advanced Mentor (NROL-26) 1 GSO 2009 surv; SIGINT USA Mercury 2 GEO 1994-1996 COMINT USA Trumpet 5 elliptic HEO 1994-2008 SIGINT; NROL-22 and -28; reports of poss SIGINT role USA SBWASS 8 LEO 2001-2007 ocean and wide-area sigint; each paired with subsatellite India RISAT-2 1 LEO 2009 surv Germany SAR-Lupe (1-5) 5 LEO 2006-2008 surv early Warning Russia Oko 6 HEO/GSO 2001-2008 Russia Prognoz 2 GSO 2001-2008 USA DSP 4 GSO 1997-2004 an operational constellation needs 3 satellites France Spirale 2 elliptic 2009 future BMEWS
Chapter Ten Reforming India’s defence industries India’s vast defence-industrial infrastructure is undergoing major reform. At the same time, India is modernising and expanding its armed forces to encompass widening political and security interests beyond South Asia. To equip these forces, the country now aspires to develop and build sophisticated weapon systems, moving away from the historical pa�ern of foreignorigin kit assembly and licensed production. These plans are also being pursued with a view towards entering potentially lucrative export markets. Defence industries in India currently employ over �.� million people and receive about ��%, or just under US$� billion, of India’s annual defence- procurement budget. But due to inefficiencies in India’s public-sector defence industries (where there are often long delays and high costs in the production of largely low- to medium-technology arms and equipment), over ��% of India’s arms are imported. Even as the government seeks to encourage foreign technological and financial investment in the defence sector, along with a greater role for the Indian private sector, it needs to implement bolder reforms and restructure its defence-production establishment if it is to become a major producer of high-technology and sophisticated arms and equipment. Public-sector defence-production agencies On independence in ��, India had �� ordnance factories manufacturing small arms, ammunition, mines and explosives, with a nascent capacity to service imported arms and equipment. In an a�empt to maintain an independent foreign policy, the government of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru aimed for national self-reliance in defence acquisition and rejected, as lacking ambition, a �� report by British physicist P.M.S. Blacke�, which recommended that India first produce low-performance, older-technology weapons. In the ��s, India built several new public-sector ordnance factories, which had to maintain operational capacity during slack periods by producing goods for the civil market. An accusation following India’s defeat by China in the �� war that India’s weapons factories were producing coffee percolators instead of arms prompted an expansion of production facilities, with a new administrative department within the Defence Ministry becoming responsible for defenceproduction activities. By the mid ��s, the number of ordnance factories manufacturing primarily landbased systems (such as main ba�le tanks (MBTs), armoured vehicles, trucks, small arms and ammunition and explosives) rose to ��; in �� there were ��. Two more factories are under construction; one in Nalanda, in eastern India and the other in Korwa, in northern India, although the la�er has been delayed by the June �� suspension from trading in India of Israel Military Industries, its co-developer, following the arrest of a former Indian ordnance board chief on corruption charges. The largest existing ‘defence public-sector undertaking’ grew out of the �� amalgamation of Hindustan Aircraft Ltd (established in �� by Indian industrialist Walchand Hirachand) with Aeronautics India Ltd. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) now has �� divisions located in six states and is tasked with the manufacture of combat aircraft and helicopters. The products of the seven other specialised defence firms controlled by the Defence Ministry include warships, missiles, defence electronics, heavy earth-moving equipment and special metals and alloys. India’s first industrial-policy resolution, in ��, made it clear that a major portion of industrial capacity was to be reserved for the public sector, including all arms production. When this document was revised in ��, it placed the munitions, aircraft and shipbuilding industries in the public sector under central government control, preventing private-sector production. Even though a new defence-supplies department was set up in �� within the Defence Ministry, the private sector could only produce components and spare parts. By the mid ��s, private-sector production encompassed elementary and intermediate products, components and spare parts. In April ��, the chief of the powerful Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced a ten-year plan for defence and the defence-industrial base, aimed at increasing the element of self-reliance in the Indian armed services
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The Military Balance 2010 Editor’
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The Military Balance 2010 Preface T
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Units and formation strength Compan
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Principal Aviation Equipment De�n
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Construction, Research and Developm
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Chapter One North America THE UNITE
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tion execution procedures’. There
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and network kits for the HMMWV. Whi
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tion brigade roughly quintuples the
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light of the forthcoming demographi
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FY2010 National Defence Process In
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North America Table 7 US National D
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Cbt Engr 1 regt MP 4 coy Log 10 bn
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SUDAN UN • UNMIS (Operation Safar
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Engr 4 bde Sig 1 bde Spt 8 spt bde,
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Naval reserve Forces 109,222 (total
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AAV 1,311 AAV-7A1 (all roles) ARTY
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FORCES BY ROLE HQ (AF) 1 HQ located
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FORCES BY ROLE Combined Service 1 H
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IRAQ NATO • NTM-I 12 UN • UNAMI
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Table 8 US Air Capability 2010 Airc
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Table 9 Selected US Arms Orders Fy2
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Chapter Two Latin America and the C
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II RM Mexicali, Baja California Reg
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elationship will be affected follow
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In March 2009, the 12 defence minis
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systems, including 100,000 Kalashni
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previous editions of The Military B
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MRL 105mm 4 SLAM Pampero MOR 883: 8
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WESTERN SAHARA UN • MINURSO 3 obs
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LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19: AH 2 TPT
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ABU 6: 1 Almirante Graca Aranah (li
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TOWED 138: 105mm 90 M-101 155mm 48
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Capabilities ACTIVE 285,220 (Army 2
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RECCE 11: 6 Schweizer SA-2-37; 2 B-
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TPT 12: 3 Yak-40; 3 An-24; 2 Il-76;
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PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8 FRIG
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AIRCRAFT • RECCE 1 O-2A Skymaster
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EQUIPMENT By TyPE AIRCRAFT TPT 1 Y-
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SAR/Tpt 2 flt with 4 AS-355N Ecureu
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FTR 10: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 2 F-5F Tig
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Capabilities ACTIVE 10,650 (Army 7,
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AD SAM • MANPAD 298+: 70 SA-14 Gr
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EQUIPMENT By TyPE AIRCRAFT 4 combat
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DEPLOyMENT AFgHANISTAN UN • UNAMA
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FORCES By ROLE Ftr/FGA 2 gp with Su
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Latin America and the Caribbean Tab
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Chapter Three Europe NATO Towards a
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Table 13 EU Battlegroups year Semes
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in Atalanta can arrest, detain and
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NATO EUROPE - DEfENCE ECONOMICs Eco
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underestimation of programme costs
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Grand Coalition government incremen
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ordered, and there is currently no
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underfunded. In 2008, defence chief
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Albania ALB albanian lek 2008 2009
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fORCEs By ROLE AD/FGA/ Recce 2 (Tac
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UTL: 6 Bell 206 JetRanger UAV Yastr
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LIBERIA UN • UNMIL 3 sERBIA NATO
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MRL 227mm 12 MLRS (in store awaitin
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BOsNIA-HERzEgOVINA EU • EUFOR •
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FF 9 D’Estienne d’Orves each wi
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AfgHANIsTAN NATO • ISAF 3,095 (Op
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APC 2,307 APC (T) 1,161: 200 Bv-206
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fOREIgN fORCEs Canada NATO 287 Fran
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Air force 31,500 (incl 11,000 consc
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DEPLOyMENT Legal provisions for for
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2 Luigi Durand de la Penne (ex-Anim
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ALBANIA NATO 1 (HQ Tirana) Delegazi
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SP 10 M1025A2 HMMWV with Javelin MA
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MOR 43: 81mm 27 L16/M1 TOWED 120mm
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of 19 to 21, and then up to 4-5 ref
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Poland POL Polish Zloty z 2008 2009
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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Of CONgO UN •
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sÃO TOME AND PRINCIPÉ Navy 1 Air
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capabilities ACTIVE 16,531 (army 7,
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capabilities ACTIVE 128,013 (army 7
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APC (W) 18 Piranha AAV 19: 16 AAV-7
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ORgANIsATIONs By sERVICE Army ε77,
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TPT 77: 13 C-130B Hercules/C-130E H
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Inf 13 bn SF 2 regt (SAS) AB 1 bn O
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LC 24 RRC HELICOPTERS ATK/SPT 43: 6
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NEPAL Army 280 (Gurkha trg org) NET
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OSCE • Kosovo 1 FOrEIgn FOrCEs De
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MSL • SSM ε4 SS-21 Scarab (Tochk
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DEPLOyMEnT bOsnIA-hErzEgOInVA OSCE
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AD • SAM 48 SP 6 SA-15 Gauntlet;
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navy 2,000; 1,850 conscript (total
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coast Guard PATROL AND COASTAL COMB
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MOR 39: 120mm 39 AT • MSL • MAN
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Finland OSCE 1 France OSCE 1 German
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Decision on deployment of troops ab
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ut can also be used as HQ ship); 2
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TPT 20: 15 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 1 Fal
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naval Infantry 3,000 Naval inf 1 bd
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Table 17 selected arms procurements
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Chapter Four Russia New defence ref
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23 motor-rifle and tank divisions,
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government will be able to keep mee
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While the programme contained a lau
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he was therefore open-minded about
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ties of Russian military equipment.
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Tk 4 bde (each: 3 tk bn, 1 MR (BMP-
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SSM 1 regt with 8 SS-C-1B Sepal AD
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Tpt sqns with An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/
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Arty 1 bde, SSM 1 bde with 12-18 SS
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Paramilitary 449,000 Federal Border
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Chapter Five Middle East and North
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Map 2 iraq BAGHDAD 3 2 1 6 9 XX IA
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governments before Iran was effecti
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key staff from Russia and the UK ow
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system specifically targeted to cou
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Algeria ALG Algerian Dinar D 2008 2
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ORGAnIsAtIOns by seRvICe Army 6,000
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navy ε8,500 (incl 2,000 Coast Guar
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WesteRn sAhARA UN • MINURSO 21 ob
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Air Force 30,000 (incl 12,000 Air D
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Israel ISR New israeli Shekel NS 20
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MSL ASM AGM-114 Hellfire; AGM-45 Sh
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demOCRAtIC RepUblIC OF COnGO UN •
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ARTY 516 TOWED 160: 105mm 21: 13 M-
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AMPHIBIOUS 4 LS 1 LST 1 Ibn Harissa
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Mech Inf 3 bde Inf 35 indep bn Mot
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APC 206 APC (T) 16: 6 FV 103 Sparta
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ARTY 89 SP 155mm 28 (AMX) Mk F3 TOW
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Hel 2 sqn with AS-532 Cougar (CSAR)
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AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LSM 3 Polnoch
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deplOyment CentRAl AFRICAn RepUblIC
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capabilities ACtIve 66,700 (Army 60
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Middle East and North Africa Table
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Middle East and North Africa Table
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Chapter Six Sub-Saharan Africa The
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{ Regions: Deployment of mission HQ
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December 2005) and the democratic e
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training, technical and financial s
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Table 26 South african defence budg
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aircraft and SAM batteries to prote
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paramilitary 10,000 rapid-reaction
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eQuipmenT by Type AIRCRAFT TPT 8: 1
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deploymenT cenTral african republic
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eQuipmenT by Type AIRCRAFT 6 combat
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paramilitary 10,450 Presidential Gu
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djibouti DJB Djiboutian Franc fr 20
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MOR 120mm/160mm 100+ AT MSL • MAN
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eQuipmenT by Type AIRCRAFT 14 comba
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Ranger 1 bn Cdo 1 bn Arty 1 bn Engr
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TRG up to 25: up to 5 Bulldog 103/B
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Liaison sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna
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eQuipmenT by Type RECCE BRDM-2; Fer
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niger NER cFA Franc BceAO fr 2008 2
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paramilitary ε82,000 coast Guard P
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cenTral african republic/chad UN
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puntland Armed Forces ε5-10,000; c
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organiSaTionS by Service army 85,00
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forceS by role Tk 1 bde Inf 5 bde A
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forceS by role Army 5 div (each: up
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GUNS • TOWED 116: 14.5mm 36 ZPU-1
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Chapter Seven South and Central Asi
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Pakistan Democratically elected Pre
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Fonseka resigned as CDS on 12 Novem
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S-300 air-defence batteries, beyond
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AFGHANISTAN International concern g
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Map 3 Afghanistan ISAF/OEF-A 1 RC-C
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Fatalities 500 400 300 200 100 0 US
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SOUTH ASIA - DEFENCE ECONOmICS Afte
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Table 31 Indian Defence Budget by F
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The biggest naval procurement agree
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their finances’ but wish to repla
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Australia 1,350; 1 inf BG with (1 m
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TRG 30: 8 L-39ZA Albatros*; 10 PT-6
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Navy 58,350 (incl 7,000 Naval Avn a
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Mirage/M-2000TH (M-2000ED) Mirage (
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GUN/MOR 120mm 25 2S9 Anona MRL 380:
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Police Force 47,000 SELECTED NON-ST
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Cadres School and PAF Academy are D
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Air Force 28,000 (incl SLAF Regt) F
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HELICOPTERS ATK 10 Mi-24 Hind SPT 8
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South and Central Asia Table 32 Sel
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Chapter Eight East Asia and Austral
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Map 4 China: military regions and m
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JAPAN Japan’s defence policy in
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training and deployments. Naval ele
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months, including that of a C-�
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Australia’s Force 2030: Key capab
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for the ��-year period of the W
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) r
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column C, data are converted into U
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Inf 6 bde HQ (4/5/8/9/11/13) each w
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Brunei BRN Brunei Dollar B$ 2008 20
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Capabilities ACTIVE 2,285,000 (Army
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Navy ε215,000; 40,000 conscript (t
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East Sea Fleet Coastal defence from
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Fiji FJI Fijian Dollar F$ 2008 2009
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TPT 23: 3 CN-235M; 2 DHC-5 Buffalo;
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Maritime Self- Defense Force 42,400
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PCC 60 PC-Type PCI 174: 170 CL-Type
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Tpt regts with An-2 Colt to infiltr
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UTL 5 F406 Caravan II HELICOPTERS A
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Capabilities ACTIVE 109,000 (Army 8
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Customs Service PATROL AND COASTAL
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Page 421 and 422: FOREIGN FORCES Australia Army 38; 1
Page 423 and 424: Capabilities ACTIVE 72,500 (Army 50
Page 425 and 426: TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA) Army 3 t
Page 427 and 428: Fokker 50 • Makung Air Base Comma
Page 429 and 430: MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASUR
Page 431 and 432: RESERVES 5,000,000 ORGANISATIONS BY
Page 433 and 434: East Asia and Australasia Table 35
Page 439 and 440: Chapter Nine Country comparisons -
Page 441 and 442: Table 36 UN Deployments 2009-2010 l
Page 447 and 448: Table 37 Non-UN Deployments 2009-20
Page 449 and 450: Table 37 Non-UN Deployments 2009-20
Page 451 and 452: index of contributing nations Alban
Page 453 and 454: Number deployed 110,000 90,000 70,0
Page 455 and 456: Table 38 Selected training activity
Page 461 and 462: Country comparisons Table 39 Intern
Page 467 and 468: Table 43 Global Arms Transfer Agree
Page 469: Table 47 Selected Operational Milit
Page 473 and 474: develop a fifth-generation fighter
Page 475 and 476: Table 48: Major Current Domestic De
Page 477 and 478: Part two Reference table 49 Designa
Page 479 and 480: Reference Type Name/designation Cou
Page 485 and 486: table 50 List of Abbreviations for
Page 487 and 488: NCO non-commissioned officer NLACM
Page 489 and 490: Index of Country/Territory Abbrevia
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