chronicity; type <strong>of</strong> act; and pr<strong>of</strong>ession <strong>of</strong> respondent. Both police and social workersessentially viewed all situations involving intrafamilial sexual contact with children as seriousand likely to be harmful. Numerous interaction effects demonstrate the complexity <strong>of</strong> therating task and necessitate the use <strong>of</strong> caution when interpreting main effects. Exploratoryfactor analytic procedures were employed in an attempt to clarify the dimensions along whichjudgerants <strong>of</strong> seriousness and likelihood <strong>of</strong> long-term emotional trauma were made. Theseanalyses suggest that subjects discriminated among scenarios primarily on the basis <strong>of</strong> thetype <strong>of</strong> act and the age <strong>of</strong> the child. As in previous studies, incest blame was observed to be amultidimensional construct, as evidenced by the emergence <strong>of</strong> four blame attribution factors:representing <strong>of</strong>fender; societal; situational; and victim factors respectively, in descendingorder <strong>of</strong> blame. Varying patterns <strong>of</strong> agreement and disagreement were identified as a function<strong>of</strong> the respondent’s pr<strong>of</strong>ession and gender. Implications for practice are discussed, along withrecommendations for future <strong>research</strong>.Source: Author’s abstractPotter, K., Martin, J., & Romans, S. (1999). Early developmental experiences <strong>of</strong> female sex workers:A comparative study. Australian and New Zealand Journal <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry, 33(6), 935-940.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13005.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Families, Women,ChildrenAbstract: This article examines the early childhood and <strong>family</strong> experiences <strong>of</strong> 29 <strong>of</strong> femalesex workers in New Zealand. Participants originated from Dunedin and Wellington, and wererecruited via the New Zealand Prostitutes Collective using the snowball method. The resultswere compared with data from the Otago Women’s Child Sexual Abuse (OWCSA) study.More than 80% <strong>of</strong> the sample had at least one experience <strong>of</strong> physical <strong>violence</strong> before the age<strong>of</strong> 16 years, and in all but one <strong>of</strong> the cases the <strong>of</strong>fender was a relative. Additionally, theparticipants were more likely than the sample <strong>of</strong> women from the OWSCA study to haveexperienced sexual abuse as a child. The sample <strong>of</strong> sex workers were also more likely tooriginate from a <strong>family</strong> characterised by discord and poor relationships, with the parentsreported as less caring compared to the OWSCA sample. The authors acknowledge thelimitations <strong>of</strong> the study, including the small sample size, the use <strong>of</strong> retrospective data, and thedifficulty determining the representativeness <strong>of</strong> the findings.Pouwhare, T. (1999). Maori women and work: The effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong> on Maori women’semployment opportunities. Wellington, New Zealand: National Collective <strong>of</strong> IndependentWomen’s Refuges.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12070.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Maori, Cultural factors, Health, EducationAbstract: This report discusses and analyses the effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong> on Maoriwomen’s employment opportunities. The <strong>research</strong> was undertaken through individualinterviews and focus groups with 30 women and is framed within the wider context <strong>of</strong> Maoriwomen’s experiences <strong>of</strong> employment and <strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong>. The report argues that bothemployment and education policies have increasingly marginalised Maori women and that<strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong> intensifies this marginalisation. This is seen in unemployment and <strong>family</strong><strong>violence</strong> statistics, in which Maori women are consistently over-represented. The author alsoargues that in addition to the negative health and wellbeing outcomes that <strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong>presents to women, Maori women’s employment is affected through their partner coming to152
their workplace and creating scenes, increased sick days recovering from violent episodes,and lower productivity due to the stress <strong>of</strong> always being aware <strong>of</strong> their partner’s potential tobe violent.Pratt, R. J. (1997). Mutual help groups for battered women: An evaluation <strong>of</strong> a women’s educationprogramme. Unpublished master’s thesis, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13182.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Gender, Social services, Prevention/intervention/treatmentAbstract: This study, based on a feminist approach, uses a mutual help framework toevaluate both the process and outcomes <strong>of</strong> a women’s education programme run by theHamilton Abuse Intervention Project. It documents the experience <strong>of</strong> the non-Maori women’sprogramme area. Group members completed individual topic evaluations and 10 participantsprovided feedback in in-depth interviews at the end <strong>of</strong> the 10-week programme. The fourfacilitators were interviewed three times throughout the programme. The education groupclearly fitted within the mutual help group framework. In addition, the study findings indicatethat being a group member is a very positive experience, with women experiencing reducedisolation, gaining strength, gaining an analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong>, and reducing self blame.The experience <strong>of</strong> the group members was mostly consistent with previous <strong>research</strong>. The wayin which the group members gained strength was not well covered in previous <strong>research</strong>. Forfacilitators, the experience <strong>of</strong> facilitating the group was both rewarding and challenging. Themain challenge arose from the difficulties in negotiating an equal relationship with a c<strong>of</strong>acilitator.The group members did indicate that having two facilitators was useful. Thisindicates that it is worthwhile overcoming the difficulties in the co-facilitation relationship.Source: Author’s abstractPricewaterhouseCoopers. (2000). Improving outcomes for women and children using refuge services.Wellington, New Zealand: National Collective <strong>of</strong> Independent Women’s Refuges.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12042.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Children, Victims/survivors, Maori, Pacificpeoples, Asian, Migrants, RefugeesAbstract: This report is based on a performance monitoring tool developed byPricewaterhouseCoopers, which describes the connection between resources, service deliveryand the outcomes for women and children who utilise Women’s Refuge services. The initialfindings estimate that an increase in resources, primarily funding, will enable Refuges tobetter deliver early and crisis interventions, and prevention services. Greater and sustainedinvestment by the government is identified as a significant key to eliminating <strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong>and its effects over the long-term.Priest, E. (2001). Justice for victims <strong>of</strong> sexual abuse and their <strong>of</strong>fenders: Implementing a model <strong>of</strong>restorative justice and therapeutic jurisprudence. Unpublished master’s thesis, University <strong>of</strong>Auckland, New Zealand.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13034.pubTopic Areas: Sexual abuse, Perpetrators/<strong>of</strong>fenders, Victims/survivors, Children as victims,Justice, Restorative justice, Legislation, Policy, Prevention/intervention/treatment,Demographics/statistics153
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OFNEW ZEALAN
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IntroductionThis is an annotated bi
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See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11879.pubTopi
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abused. The author provides an anal
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Ball, J. (1997). Male sexual abuse:
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Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglec
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Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglec
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(1995). The Guardianship Amendment
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their children’s lives and upbrin
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and Employment, Hon. Steve Maharey.
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Abstract: This conference paper det
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violence incidents and people (offe
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less attention than other forms of
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Topic Areas: Intimate partner abuse
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jurisdiction, this paper discusses
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ehaviours, and explores current app
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of New Zealand’s care and protect
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family decision making that incorpo
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delivered based upon Maori conceptu
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Cribb, J., & Barnett, R. (1999). Be
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intervention/treatment, Intersector
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professionals involved; however, th
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findings of the study present discu
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articulation of reasons for decisio
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and s16(b) of the Guardianship Act
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Abstract: This report provides an e
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familial relationships are also cit
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Topic Areas: Sexual abuse, Adolesce
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Smith did not consider the historic
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Waikato regions and replicates the
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Children as victims, Mental healthA
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contributes to internalising disord
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Fordham, B.-M. (2001). Caught in th
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Butterworths Family Law Journal, 4(
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were 16 incarcerated offenders (age
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The model has three inter-related a
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persons, Victims/survivors, Social
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the number of participants indicati
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towards a Masters in Public Health.
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See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13263.pubTopi
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neglect within communities by seeki
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aspects of a child’s development
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child abuse and maltreatment statis
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Topic Areas: Women, Perpetrators/of
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Topic Areas: Intimate partner abuse
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Topic Areas: Sexual assault/rape, W
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child sexual abuse. A review of the
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Topic Areas: Child abuse and neglec
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children who were hospitalised for
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Zealand: Te Puni Kokiri, Ministry o
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- Page 118 and 119: that influenced child abuse investi
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- Page 138 and 139: ecommendations for future research
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- Page 172 and 173: concludes that if social workers an
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- Page 180 and 181: presented significant victim specif
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