egarding CYFS responsiveness to Maori, including that CYFS do not have a clear long-termcommitment to Maori. Te Puni Kokiri produced recommendations from the review with theaim <strong>of</strong> improving CYFS contracting process for Maori. The recommendations come underfour categories: statutory and Treaty <strong>of</strong> Waitangi obligations, the contract and Maori, thecontracting framework, and provider and workforce development.Television Violence Project Working Group. (2004). Towards precautionary risk management <strong>of</strong> TV<strong>violence</strong> in New Zealand: The report to the Minister <strong>of</strong> Broadcasting <strong>of</strong> the Working Group:TV <strong>violence</strong> project. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved January 13, 2006, fromhttp://www.tv-<strong>violence</strong>.org.nz/TV-Violence-Report.pdfSee: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13373.pubTopic Areas: Families, Children, Policy, Education, Media <strong>violence</strong>, IntersectoralcollaborationAbstract: This report examines the link between television (TV) <strong>violence</strong> and socialbehaviour. A content analysis was carried out on the incidence <strong>of</strong> <strong>violence</strong> on New Zealandtelevision, and was further compared with previous New Zealand and international <strong>research</strong>in this area. The analysis reveals little difference in the incidence <strong>of</strong> <strong>violence</strong> betweenprogrammes targeting child viewers and those directed at adults. No definitive relationshipwas found between TV <strong>violence</strong> and aggression, but TV was identified as one <strong>of</strong> a myriad <strong>of</strong>factors that contribute to violent behaviour. Therefore, the authors posit that decreasing theinteraction <strong>of</strong> TV <strong>violence</strong> with other risk factors, such as <strong>family</strong> <strong>violence</strong> and socioeconomicdisadvantage, may contribute to reducing violent behaviour. The report suggeststhat children are vulnerable to prolonged exposure to TV <strong>violence</strong>. The <strong>research</strong>ersrecommend a risk assessment and precautionary risk management approach, similar to apublic health policy initiative, to identify risk factors stemming from exposure to TV<strong>violence</strong>. Other recommendations include a collaborative approach to reducing risks posed byexposure to TV <strong>violence</strong>, improved information and education in schools concerning themedia, stringent programme classifications, and more choice for television viewers.The United Nations Children’s Fund. (2003). A league table <strong>of</strong> child maltreatment deaths in richnations. (Innocenti Report Card, 5). Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.Retrieved November 22, 2005, from http://www.unicef-icdc.org/ publications/See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/11868.pubTopic Areas: Child abuse and neglect, Physical abuse, Demographics/statisticsAbstract: This report attempts to draw a comparative picture <strong>of</strong> the physical abuse <strong>of</strong>children in the 27 richest nations <strong>of</strong> the world. UNICEF <strong>research</strong> estimates that almost 3,500children under the age <strong>of</strong> 15 die from physical abuse and neglect every year in theindustrialized world. The greatest risk is among younger children. A small group <strong>of</strong> countries- Spain, Greece, Italy, Ireland and Norway - appear to have an exceptionally low incidence <strong>of</strong>child maltreatment deaths; Belgium, the Czech Republic, New Zealand, Hungary and Francehave levels that are 4 to 6 times higher. The United States, Mexico and Portugal have ratesthat are between 10 and 15 times higher than those at the top <strong>of</strong> the league table. The good<strong>new</strong>s is that child deaths from maltreatment appear to be declining in the great majority <strong>of</strong>industrialized countries.Tolmie, J. (2002). Battered defendants and the criminal defences to murder: Lessons from overseas.Waikato Law Review Taumauri, (10), 91-114.174
See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13311.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Women, Victims/survivors, Violence against men,Justice, Legislation, Cultural factorsAbstract: This article aims to assess the recommendations made in the New Zealand LawCommission Report No. 73, Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to BatteredDefendants, released in 2001, about the legal argument for battered defendants who kill theirviolent mate. Strengths and limitations <strong>of</strong> these recommendations are identified andelaborated upon. Previously, ‘imminence <strong>of</strong> danger’ was fundamental to a self-defence legalargument. However, the Law Commission’s report suggests that ‘imminence’ should nolonger be a requirement for a self-defence argument; instead it should be changed to‘unavoidable anticipated danger’, and this article discusses reasons in support <strong>of</strong> this.Additionally, due to the complex nature <strong>of</strong> intimate partner abuse, the term ‘battered womansyndrome’ is not inclusive <strong>of</strong> all the impacts on a victim <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> <strong>violence</strong>. Therefore,the author supports the recommendation that ‘battered woman syndrome’ as a defence maynot always be helpful for victims <strong>of</strong> partner <strong>violence</strong>. Furthermore, the article discusses how amandatory life sentence for murder can pressure battered defendants <strong>into</strong> pleading guilty formanslaughter in order to prevent harsher sentencing. The author also supports the LawCommission’s recommendation <strong>of</strong> abolishing this mandatory minimum sentencing.Limitations pertaining to the 2001 report are discussed, including the cursory nature <strong>of</strong>cultural inclusion in these cases, and difficulties in determining self-defence. There is also adiscussion <strong>of</strong> potential pitfalls in reviewing individual cases where women have already beensentenced for homicide. A number <strong>of</strong> international cases that employed the recommendations,and those that relate to the limitations <strong>of</strong> the Law Commission’s report, are discussed tohighlight advantages <strong>of</strong> the aforementioned legislative reforms.Tolmie, J. (2005). Is the partial defence an endangered defence? Recent proposals to abolishprovocation. New Zealand Law Review, (1), 25-52.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/13317.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Homicide, Women, Justice, Legislation, GenderAbstract: This article investigates the ramifications <strong>of</strong> the abolition <strong>of</strong> partial defence underthe Sentencing Act (2002). The author contends that the partial defence argument isimperative for victims <strong>of</strong> domestic <strong>violence</strong> who kill their abusive partners. Without thisdefensive argument, ‘battered defendants’ who kill their abusers will be facing murder asopposed to manslaughter charges. The article discusses the complex nature <strong>of</strong> domestic<strong>violence</strong>, and how the courts must consider the social, economic and cultural context <strong>of</strong>murder in this instance. The defence <strong>of</strong> provocation may be used by defendants to reduceculpability in some homicide cases, and the author argues that this applies in the case <strong>of</strong>battered women who kill their partners in self-defence. However, the defence <strong>of</strong> provocationhas differing interpretations and is <strong>of</strong>ten used to normalise male <strong>violence</strong> towards their femalepartners. The author suggests the definition <strong>of</strong> defence <strong>of</strong> provocation must be clarified inlegislation to expunge any misdirection <strong>of</strong> legal argument.Toney, S. M. (2004). Battered Woman Syndrome and self defence in New Zealand and the UnitedStates. Te Awatea Review, 2(2), 8-10.See: www.nzfvc.org.nz/12959.pubTopic Areas: Intimate partner abuse, Physical abuse, Psychological/emotional abuse,Women, Justice, Mental health175
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IntroductionThis is an annotated bi
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violence incidents and people (offe
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less attention than other forms of
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jurisdiction, this paper discusses
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ehaviours, and explores current app
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of New Zealand’s care and protect
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intervention/treatment, Intersector
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and s16(b) of the Guardianship Act
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Abstract: This report provides an e
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familial relationships are also cit
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the number of participants indicati
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children who were hospitalised for
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Abstract: This qualitative study in
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attering. The report then discusses
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well and those which need improveme
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Cultural practiceAbstract: This dis
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members were children. The cohort w
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emained the same.The findings of th
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was the domestic violence or the PT
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and manslaughter of their children.
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that influenced child abuse investi
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