Labour market performance and migration flows - European ...

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European CommissionOccasional Paper 60, Volume I2.1.1 Skill level of migrants and their locationIt is important at this stage to stress that the idea of the Blue Card is based on a real need derived fromeconomic systems in both origin and host countries. Europe is made up of many different countriesand different labour markets, but at the aggregate level the data presented by the EuropeanEmployment Report 2008 stresses that third-country nationals and in particular immigrants from ArabMediterranean countries for the most part hold unskilled positions. In the EU, 55% of third countrymigrants hold low-skilled positions, 30% have medium-skilled positions and fewer than 15% are inhighly-skilled positions. Among AMC workers, while the percentage of the highly-skilled is lower, theshare of the low-skilled becomes 60% (see Fig.1).Figure 1: Skill level of non-EU born aged 15-64 by region of origin in the EU, 2007Source: Employment in Europe 2008, p. 60As Fig.1 shows, skilled migrants in Europe are mainly from North America (70% of recentimmigrants are highly-skilled), and Eastern Europe (38% of recent Eastern Europeans immigrantsare highly-skilled). Recent immigration from the AMCs has not improved the scenario. On thecontrary, the “more recent” immigrants, those with less than seven years of residence in thedestination countries, include a higher percentage of low-skilled migrants.We can always question the accuracy of the data, that is whether the skill level should be measuredby education level or by job type, but the message remains similar even if we change data sourceand look at education level (International Migration Outlook, SOPEMI, 2008, p.58). From aEuropean point of view, whereas on average 25.3% of the immigrants in the OCDE countries holdtertiary education, in Europe only the United Kingdom (35%) 159 and recently Ireland (41%) with itseconomic development and its investments in high-tech industries, stand high among OECDcountries. With these two exceptions, all other European countries range in between 24% (Sweden)and 11% (Austria) and this consequently implies a negative immigrants’ qualification effect,namely a downgrading of total skill production (see Table 1). 160159 Considering its longstanding tradition of high-level education open to foreigners, and its internationally spoken language.160 Norway has a high rate as well, but it has a large Nordic migration which is classified as extra-European.174
Chapter IIIEU Migration Policy towards Arab Mediterranean Countries and its Impact on their Labour MarketsTable 1 Percentage of immigrants withtertiary education and its impact, circa 2001CountryImmigrantswith tertiaryeducationattainment%ImmigrantqualificationseffectAustria 11,3 -9,8Italy 12,2 -14,1Greece 15,3 -7,5France 18,1 -1,2Portugal 19,3 -5,8Spain 21,8 -3,3Switzerland 23,9 1,4Sweden 24,1 -3,4Australia 25,7 -5,7United States 25,8 2,5New Zealand 31,0 -3,2UnitedKingdom35,0 0,7Canada 37,9 5,7Ireland 41,0 6,0All Countries 25,3Source: International Migration Outlook, SOPEMI 2008, p.58.2.1.2 Where do skilled AMC migrants go?Migrants from Arab Mediterranean countries follow two distinct patterns, with the Maghreb migrantsgoing mainly to Europe and in particular to France and the Mashreq ones going mainly to Arab andnon-European countries. Recent, more educated outflows are changing direction with an increase ofemigration from the Maghreb countries toward other European countries and Canada and the US andalso some Arab countries. This is the case of Algerian migrants 161 where UK (41%), US (53%) andCanada (61%) have the largest share of educated migrants. The same is true for Tunisian migrantswho experienced an increase in the education of emigrants and emigration to Arab countries: the shareof emigrants in Arab countries has increased from 12% in 2005 to 25% in 2008, 162 a similar patternemerging with Morocco. 163 The Mashreq emigration to the Gulf has a long tradition. At least 80% ofEgyptian migrants work in Arab countries where at least 40% hold highly-skilled jobs. 164 Aninteresting finding is that Egyptian migrants in the Gulf countries and in North America are more161 National Background paper Algeria Bouklia-Hassan R., Talahite F. Also H. Khelfaoui (CARIM R.R.2006/4) shows how much more skilled are the Algerian immigrants in the USAand in Canada as well as the distribution of immigrants coming from the Middle East and North African (MENA) regions where the skill positions dominate over the unskilled positions.162 National Background paper Tunisia, A.Mahjoub.163 National Backgroung paper for Morocco, L.Jaidi.164 National Background paper for Egypt J.Wahba.175
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STUDYLABOUR MARKETS PERFORMANCE AND
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Chapter IFinal Report 15 MILLION NE
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