Labour market performance and migration flows - European ...

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European CommissionOccasional Paper 60, Volume Iintroduces mutual commitments with a view to developing incremental joint migrationmanagement in the “illegal” but also the legal aspects.Indeed cooperation in the field of justice, security and migration is at the top of the agenda ofthe ENP. For instance, the European Commission, in its 2006 communication “On strengtheningthe European Neighbourhood Policy”, 228 identified the following “action points” concerning“mobility and migration”:facilitating visas, removing obstacles to legitimate travel, e.g. for business, educational,tourism, official purposes; ensuring well-managed mobility and migration, addressing readmission, cooperation infighting illegal immigration, and effective and efficient border management.In its 2007 communication “A Strong European Neighbourhood Policy” 229 the EuropeanCommission noted that “the promotion of mobility will go hand in hand with the commitment ofour partners to increase security and justice and fight illegal migration, with efforts to strengthenour neighbours’ capacity to deal with migratory flows to their countries, and with the security ofdocuments.” Therefore, it urged the EU Council and the European Parliament to adopt “its 2006‘package’ on legislative proposals aiming at revising the European Visa policy, ensuring a highlevel of security within the common area and simplifying the procedures for visa applicants.”It must be stressed that this issue is one of the priority areas of the ENP Regional IndicativeProgramme 2007-2013 230 which identifies a number of concrete projects and programmes.So the statement that the ENP constitutes an important “policy shift” towards the SouthernMediterranean partners (Del Sarto & Schumacher 2005) on the basis of which the Euro-Medpartnership has been re-stimulated is fully warranted in the field of migration.Certainly the added value of the ENP process is to include, in a multifaceted internationalperspective, encompassing both the European-receiving contexts and Mediterranean-sendingcontexts, acts of cooperation enabling bilateral and regular dialogue among the actors. Hence, theENP framework offers these actors structured and intensive collaboration channels, short and midterm objectives as well as monitoring processes with rewarding perspectives commensurate witheach country’s progress. It is, however, worth noting that in the field of migration, someMediterranean Arab partner are more motivated than other to cooperate.In the following section, we will show how the ENP integrates legal migration into its objectivesand how bilateral relations between the EC and its neighbours are varied.3.2.3 The ENP and legal migrationLegal migration is part of each of the Action Plans negotiated with the Arab Mediterranean countriesincluded in the ENP (see Appendix where the elements related to migration or movement of personsbetween the EU and its neighbours are visible). Morocco and Tunisia are certainly the countries withwhich the Action Plans are the most advanced, but management of migration flows as well as visafacilitations are on each of the partners’ agenda.The ENP objectives are much more formulated, global and ambitious than those of the EMP.Regarding Egypt and Lebanon it is certainly too early to expect any concrete results with regard tothe ENP. With Morocco and Tunisia, expectations could be higher, while for Jordan we must228 Communication from the Commission on strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy, COM(2006)726 final, 4 December 2006,http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/com06_726_en.pdf.229 Communication from the Commission “A Strong European Neighbourhood Policy”, COM(2007) 774 final, 05/12/2007, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/com07_774_en.pdf.230 ENPI Regional Strategy Paper (2007-2013) and Regional Indicative Programme (2007-2010) for the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership,http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_euromed_rsp_en.pdf.196
Chapter IIIEU Migration Policy towards Arab Mediterranean Countries and its Impact on their Labour Marketsconsider that not much has been done, except for information exchange. 231 According to theCommission follow-up report on Morocco (April 2008), thanks to EC funding supporting themovement of persons, 232 the level of legal migration from Morocco to EU has slightly increased.The Commission expresses a positive evaluation of the reinforcement of border control by theMoroccan authorities. Nevertheless, the issue of visa facilitation seems to be contingent on severalfactors including the conclusion of a readmission agreement. The report on Tunisia acknowledgesintensification in border control and the fight against irregular migration by the Tunisianauthorities, whereas in the field of legal migration, except for avenues permitting dialogue andmeetings of experts, outcomes seem less concrete than for Morocco.So in practice, at the EU level, when it comes to migration and relations with Mediterranean Arabcountries, the concrete results are still, with the notable exception of Morocco, quite poor. Indeed,in comparison with Eastern neighbours no strong commitments are taken at the EU level.Reference might be made here to the mobility partnerships negotiated with Moldova or to visafacilitation offered to neighbouring countries.Regarding the Arab Mediterranean Countries, mutual recognition has been established as areciprocal interest in labour migration: at least with some of the countries – Morocco, Tunisia andEgypt. Also, some EU member states such as France, Spain and Italy have expressed theirreadiness to deepen cooperation with Arab Mediterranean neighbours, while other Europeancountries are more reluctant to do so. Some member states show their interest in the bilateralrelations that they have established with the origin countries.It is worth noting that the European differentiated approach towards AMCs could explain thedifficulty in finding a common migration policy towards the Mediterranean region at the EU level.Hence, elaborating a more consensual migration policy is crucial since visa policies have becomeof paramount importance to EU common policy and as some European actors have agreed on thenecessity of immigration. A more consensual migration policy towards the Arab MediterraneanCountries might also empower the instruments of European Neighbourhood Policy and endow theEuro-Mediterranean partnership with a more coherent and far-reaching vision.4. Conclusions and recommendationsThe Euro-Arab Mediterranean space is currently the theatre of significant trends and opportunities inthe field of migration. On the one hand, the European Union needs highly- and less highly- skilledmigrants for short or long periods of stay so as to address its development pathway as well as itseconomic and social challenges. On the other hand, the Arab Mediterranean Countries face majorproblems such as high unemployment and the inability to efficiently manage the growth of their labourforces. It is certain that certain European countries have, to some extent, developed policies to respondto these needs. At the EU level, important actors – such as the EU Commission and partially theEuropean Council and the Council of Ministers – are pleading for a renewed approach to migrationwhich finds its finest expression in the “Global Approach to Migration”.Still, in spite of this economic and social context which predisposes the two shores of theMediterranean towards more cooperation, regular migration opportunities for economic purposesremain underdeveloped or involve discouraging procedures. This fuels irregular migration andaggravates its negative effects.In this study, keeping in mind the multifaceted aspects of the Global Approach, we particularlystressed the emergence of proactive patterns in immigration/emigration policies in the Euro-Mediterranean region. Emphasis was also laid on assessing the efficiency and adequacy ofinstruments envisaged by the Global Approach to Migration, and how, if duly implemented, theycould, indeed, respond to the needs of both sides of the Mediterranean.231 See Working Document by the EC Commission Following-Report for Jordan. SEC (2008)398, April 2008.232 Support to the movement of people (MED/2003/5725).197
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STUDYLABOUR MARKETS PERFORMANCE AND
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Table of ContentsLABOUR MARKETS PER
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8.1 Actual migration and consumptio
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Chapter IFinal Report 15 MILLION NE
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Chapter IFinal ReportMediterranean
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Chapter IFinal ReportMore recently,
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Chapter IFinal Reportexit of women
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Chapter IFinal ReportFigure 1.2.1.
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Chapter IFinal ReportA Declining Em
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Chapter IFinal ReportThe same year,
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Chapter IFinal ReportTable 2.2.1. I
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Chapter IFinal Reportminimum wages
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Chapter IFinal Report2.4 Unemployme
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Chapter IFinal ReportSource: Adams
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Chapter IFinal Reportin the destina
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Chapter IFinal ReportOtherADAMS, R.
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Chapter IFinal ReportOECD (2000): M
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