Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment Damstraining and are required to wear an approved body harness to facilitateextraction of personnel should they become incapacitated.4. Potential hazards associated with the confined spaces defined previouslyare engulfment by water; oxygen deficiency; walking/working surfaces;electrical hazards; lighting; molds, mildews, and spores capable of irritatingthe respiratory system; and other hazards (e.g., rodents, snakes, spidersand/or insects, or crayfish).5. Mitigating measures.6. Hazards and solutions..7. Safety-related equipment, such as hard hats, safety boots, proper clothing,gloves, communication equipment, oxygen/gas detection meter,mechanical ventilation equipment, flashlights, first aid kit, rubber boots,safety lines and harnesses, extraction/hoist equipment, and eye protection.8. Safety standards requirements.9. Emergency services.10. Signatures of the inspection team members indicating that they havereviewed the JHA and have been instructed in and understand therequirements and hazards associated with the entry into confined spacesfor the purpose of conducting this examination.Upon completion of the inspection, all participants should discuss theinspection to identify what could be improved in the JHA for the next time.Any findings or recommendations should be documented for inclusion infuture JHAs. Any mishaps or near misses should be identified during thepostinspection discussion.A dive plan or dive hazard assessment should be prepared prior to any diveinspection. Most commercial diving companies have their own dive plans.Guidance on dive safety can be found in Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA) Standards 29 CFR, Subpart T, Commercial DivingOperations—General Industry (2004), and the Association of Diving ContractorsInternational’s (ADCI), Consensus Standards for Commercial Diving and UnderwaterOperations (2004). Various government agencies have guidance on dive safety,such as Reclamation’s Safety and Health Standards Section 29—Marine andDiving Operations (2002).204
Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessment of Conduit-Related Problems9.5 Performing the inspection.Methods used for the inspection of the various features of a conduit mainly dependupon accessibility. Factors influencing accessibility include:• Inundation.—Reservoir operations and water levels may make some featuresunavailable for normal inspection and require specialized inspection services(e.g., dive team, remotely operated vehicles).• Confined space.—Certain features may require OSHA confined space permittingfor man-entry, lockout/tagout procedures, and preparation of a JHA. Analternative to man-entry is the use of specialized inspection services (i.e., closedcircuit television).• Size constraints.—Limitations in size may prevent man-entry and requirespecialized inspection services (i.e., closed circuit television).9.5.1 Inspection of entrance structuresIn most cases, due to the entrance structure’s location in the reservoir, it is eitherpartially or fully inundated. If the entrance structure is partially inundated,inspection of the structure above the water level will be fairly straightforward.However, inspection of the portion of the structure below the water level, such asthe intake or inlet, trashracks, fish screens, ice prevention systems, gates/valves,stoplogs, and bulkheads, will require specialized inspection services.If the intake structure is a tower, it may have a wet well or some other access to thecontrol mechanism. Closure of a guard gate or bulkhead may provide the ability forinspection of the interior of the tower. Problems common to entrance structuresinclude deterioration, damage, and misalignment.Descriptions of more specific problems related to trashracks, fish screens, iceprevention systems, gates/valves, stoplogs, bulkeads, and bridges are beyond thescope of this document. The TADS program as discussed earlier in this chaptershould be referred to for more detailed information concerning the inspection ofentrance structures.9.5.2 Inspection of conduitsGenerally, conduits with diameters 36 inches or larger can be inspected by manentry,if proper OSHA precautions are taken. Conduits with diameters smaller than36 inches are generally inaccessible for man-entry and require specialized inspectionservices.205
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Page 195 and 196: Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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