Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment Damsmisoperation of a dam. The hazard potential classification does not reflect in anyway on the current condition of the embankment dam (i.e., safety, structuralintegrity, flood routing capacity).Heat fused joint: See Joint, heat fused.Height (above ground): The maximum height from natural ground surface to thetop of an embankment dam.High density polyethylene (HDPE): A polymer prepared by the polymerizationof ethylene as the sole monomer.Holiday: A discontinuity in a coating, such as a pinhole, crack, gap, or other flaw,that allows an area of the base metal to be exposed to any corrosive environmentthat contacts the coating surface.Homogeneous: Constructed of only one type of material.Horizontal directional drilling (HDD): A trenchless construction method thatuses guided drilling. The method involves three main stages: drilling of a pilot hole,pilot hole enlargement, and pullback installation of the carrier pipe.Hydraulic fracture: A separation in a soil or rock mass that occurs if the appliedwater pressure exceeds the lateral effective stress on the soil element. Hydraulicfracture may occur if differential foundation movement is allowed. Soils compacteddry of optimum water content are more susceptible to hydraulic fracture.Hydraulic gradient: The slope of the hydraulic grade line. The hydraulic gradientis the slope of the water surface in an open channel.Hydrophilic: Having a strong affinity for water.Hydrophobic: Having a strong aversion for water.Hydrostatic head (ASTM D 653, 2002): The fluid pressure of water produced bythe height of the water above a given point.Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure exerted by water at rest.Ice lens: A mass of ice formed during the construction of an embankment dam,when a moist soil is exposed to freezing temperatures. In certain types of soils (siltsand silty soils) the size of the ice mass will increase as it draws unfrozen capillarywater from the adjacent soil. A void in the soil may remain after the ice lens melts.404
GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable; not allowing liquid to pass through.Incident (ICOLD, 1974): Either a failure or accident, requiring major repair.Inclinometer (ASCE, 2000): An instrument for measuring the angle of deflectionbetween a reference axis and casing axis.Infiltration: The flow of water through a soil surface or the flow of water into aconduit through a joint or defect.Inspection: The review and assessment of the operation, maintenance, andcondition of a structure.Inspector: The designated on-site representative responsible for inspection andacceptance, approval, or rejection of work performed as set forth in the contractspecifications. The authorized person charged with the task of performing a physicalexamination and preparing documentation for inspection of the embankment damand appurtenant structures.Instrumentation (FEMA, 2004): An arrangement of devices installed into or nearembankment dams that provide for measurements that can be used to evaluate thestructural behavior and performance parameters of the structure.Intake structure (FEMA, 2004): Placed at the beginning of an outlet workswaterway (power conduit, water supply conduit), the intake establishes the ultimatedrawdown level of the reservoir by the position and size of its opening(s) to theoutlet works. The intake may be vertical or inclined towers, drop inlets, orsubmerged, box-shaped structures. Intake elevations are determined by the headneeded for discharge capacity, storage reservation to allow for siltation, the requiredamount and rate of withdrawal, and the desired extreme drawdown level.Internal erosion: A general term used to describe all of the various erosionalprocesses where water moves internally through or adjacent to the soil zones ofembankment dams and foundation, except for the specific process referred to as“backward erosion piping.” The term “internal erosion” is used in this document inplace of a variety of terms that have been used to describe various erosionalprocesses, such as scour, suffosion, concentrated leak piping, and others.Inundation map (FEMA, 2004): A map showing areas that would be affected byflooding from releases from a dam’s reservoir. The flooding may be from eithercontrolled or uncontrolled releases or as a result of a dam failure. A series of mapsfor a dam could show the incremental areas flooded by larger flood releases.405
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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Page 391 and 392: Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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