Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsSonic caliper: An instrument that utilizes pulses to measure the distance betweentwo points.Spacer: A specially fabricated material used during the sliplining of conduits to keepa smaller diameter pipe centered within the larger diameter pipe.Spall (ACI, 2000): A fragment, usually in the shape of a flake, detached from alarger mass by a blow, by action of weather, pressure, or expansion within the largermass.Specifications: The written requirements for materials, equipment, constructionsystems, and standards.Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW): A nondestructive, geophysicalprocedure for characterizing in-situ materials based on the principle that differentmaterials have varying surface (Rayleigh) wave velocities. Surface wave data fromgeophones and small seismic sources are processed with specialized computersoftware to evaluate material properties, such as density, stratification, and locationof voids.Spigot: The plain end of a bell and spigot pipe. The spigot is inserted into the bellend of the next pipe.Spillway (FEMA, 2004): A structure, over or through which water is dischargedfrom a reservoir. If the rate of flow is controlled by mechanical means, such asgates, it is considered a controlled spillway. If the geometry of the spillway is theonly control, it is considered an uncontrolled spillway.Auxiliary (FEMA, 2004): Any secondary spillway that is designed to beoperated infrequently, possibly in anticipation of some degree of structuraldamage or erosion to the spillway that would occur during operation.Emergency (FEMA, 2004): See Spillway, auxiliary.Service (FEMA, 2004): A spillway that is designed to provide continuous orfrequent regulated or unregulated releases from a reservoir, without significantdamage to either the dam or its appurtenant structures. This is also referred toas principal spillway.Spray lining: The application of cement mortar or epoxy resin against the insidewalls of an existing conduit, using a revolving spray head moved through theconduit.Stability (ASCE, 2000): The resistance to sliding, overturning, or collapsing.416
GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction test: A standard laboratory or field test procedureperformed on soil to measure the maximum dry density and optimum water contentof the soil. The test uses standard energy and methods specified in ASTM StandardTest Method D 698.Standardized dimension ratio (SDR): Ratio of the average specified outsidediameter to the minimum specified wall thickness for outside diameter controlledplastic pipe.Standards (ASCE, 2000): Commonly used and accepted as an authority.Steel pipe: See Pipe, steel.Stoping: The sequence of soil removal at the bottom of hole followed by roofcollapse. This bottom-up erosion process forms a cavern in the embankmentmaterial, typically with steep sides.Stoplogs (FEMA, 2004): Large logs, timbers, or steel beams placed on top of eachother with their ends held in guides on each side of a channel or conduit so as toprovide a cheaper or more easily handled means of temporary closure than abulkhead gate.Storage (FEMA, 2004): The retention of water or delay of runoff either by plannedoperation, as in a reservoir, or by temporary filling of overflow areas, as in theprogression of a flood wave through a natural stream channel.Strain gauge (ASCE, 2000): A device that measures the change in distancebetween closely spaced points.Strength design method (ACI, 2000): A design method that requires service loadsto be increased by specified load factors and computed theoretical strengths to bereduced by the specified phi factors. Also, known as ultimate strength designmethod.Subsidence: A depression, indicating subsurface settlement or particle movement,typically not having clearly defined boundaries.Suffosion: Seepage flow through a material that causes part of the finer grainedportions of the soil matrix to be carried through the coarser grained portion of thematrix. This type of internal erosion is specifically relegated only to gap graded soils(internally unstable soils) or to soils with an overall smooth gradation curve, but withan overabundance of the finer portions of the curve represented by a “flat tail” tothe gradation curve. While a crack is not needed to initiate this type of internalerosion, a concentration of flow in a portion of the soil is needed.417
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 453: GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
Page 481 and 482: Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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