Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

Conduits through Embankment DamsInversion (ASTM F 1743, 1996): The process of turning the calibration hose insideout by the use of water pressure or air pressure.Invert: The bottom or lowest point of the internal surface of the transverse crosssection of a conduit.Job Hazard Analysis (JHA): A procedure which helps integrate accepted safetyand health principles and practices into a particular operation.Joint (ASTM F 412, 2001): The location at which two sections of conduit or pipeare connected together.Construction (ACI, 2000): The surface where two successive placements ofconcrete meet, across which it is desirable to develop and maintain bondbetween the two concrete placements, and through which any reinforcementthat may be present is not interrupted.Contraction (ACI, 2000): Formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concretestructure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of crackingresulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure. Theconcrete surface is unbonded. No reinforcement extends across the joint.Smooth dowels may be provided to maintain proper alignment of monolithicunits.Control: Joints placed in concrete to provide for control of initial shrinkagestresses and cracks of monolithic units. The concrete surface is unbonded.Control joints are constructed as described for contraction joints, except thatreinforcement is always continuous across the joint. The reinforcementprevents the longitudinal forces from opening the joints.Expansion (ACI, 2000): A separation provided between adjoining parts of astructure to allow movement where expansion is likely to exceed contraction oran isolation joint intended to allow independent movement between adjoiningparts.Heat fused (fusion) (ASTM F 412, 2001): A joint using heat and pressureonly.Mechanical (ASTM F 412, 2001): A connection between piping componentsemploying physical force to develop a seal or produce alignment.Joint meter (ASCE, 2000): A device used to measure the movement of a joint inconcrete or any other material.406