Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsFigure B-80.—Lowering of the CIPP liner into thestilling basin, so it can be winched up the tunnel.The CIPP installation has been performing satisfactorily since completion ofconstruction.Lessons learned• CIPP can be used for conduit renovation.• Use of CIPP can be applicable to conduits with changes in invert slope. CIPPprovides a conduit lining with minor loss of flow cross-sectional area.ReferenceHepler, Tom, Ron Oaks, and Roger Torres, Sinkhole Development and Repairs at WillowCreek Dam, Montana, ASDSO Conference, 1997.B-116
Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject name: Wister DamLocation: OklahomaSummary: Near failure of an embankment dam due to internal erosionThe descriptions of this case history are extracted from several articles written bySherard, including his 1986 article, and an article by Rutledge and Gould (1973).Arthur Casagrande (1950) also discussed this case history.Lake Wister is located in the San Bois Mountains on the Poteau River in far easternOklahoma. The Tulsa District Corps of Engineers designed and built the project.Construction began in April 1946, and the project was placed in full flood controloperation in December 1949. The embankment dam is a rolled, impervious earthfillwith rock-protected slopes. The embankment dam was constructed as ahomogeneous clay fill without a chimney filter. At the time the embankment damwas constructed, chimney filters were not a standard design element in major damsas they are now. The embankment dam is 5,700 feet long and rises to a maximumheight of 99 feet above the streambed. Later tests on soils from the embankmentdam conclusively demonstrated that the clays were highly dispersive. The bedrock inthe area is Pennsylvanian age shale known to commonly produce residual soils withdispersive properties.Heavy rains caused the reservoir to fill quickly beginning in January 1949. Whenwater had risen to a height of about 60 feet, muddy water was seen discharging onthe downstream slope of the embankment dam. The quantity of flow was initiallyestimated at 2,200 gal/min, and it increased to about 8,000-9,000 gal/min in the nextseveral days. The spillway radial gates were opened, and within 3 days, the reservoirhad dropped about 13 feet. This exposed tunnels on the upstream slope, throughwhich the water was entering the embankment dam. The tunnels were about 2 feetin diameter and extended along the upstream face of the embankment dam for adistance of about 300 feet, at about the same elevation on the slope. Dye wasinjected into a vortex on the upstream slope, and the test showed the water wasflowing along a nearly horizontal seam in the embankment dam for a distance ofabout 740 feet, with a head on the tunnel at the time flow began of only about13 feet (a gradient of a little over 50:1). The dye tests showed the time for flow totravel this distance was less than 13 minutes, a velocity of about 1 foot per second.Figure B-81 below shows an idealized sketch of the embankment cross section withthe flow path causing the erosion identified.After the reservoir level had dropped farther, the erosion tunnels exposed wereexcavated and plugged, and several remedial measures were implemented, includingB-117
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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