Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsSherard, James L., “Hydraulic Fracturing in Embankment Dams,” ASCE Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 10, October, 1986, pp. 905-927.Sherard, J.L, and L.P. Dunnigan, “Critical Filters for Impervious Soils,” ASCEJournal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 7, July 1989, pp. 927-947.Sherard, James L., Rey S. Decker, and Norman L. Ryker, Hydraulic Fracturing in LowDams of Dispersive Clay, Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference, Performance ofEarth and Earth-Supported Structures, Vol. 1, Part 1, Purdue University, 1972a,pp. 653-689.Sherard, James L., Rey S. Decker, and Norman L. Ryker, “Piping in Earth Dams ofDispersive Clay,” Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Performance of Earth andEarth-Supported Structures, ASCE, Purdue University, Vol. l, 1972b, pp. 589-626.Sherard, James L, Lorn P. Dunnigan, and Rey S. Decker, “Identification and Natureof Dispersive Soils,” ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 102, No.GT4, April, 1976, pp. 287-301.Sherard, James L., Lorn P. Dunnigan, and James R. Talbot, “Basic Properties ofSand and Gravel Filters” and “Filters for Silts and Clays,” ASCE Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, Volume 110, No. 6, pp. 684-718, 1984.Sonex Corporation, Sonar in-service pipe inspection, 2002.Sowers, G., Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Geotechnical Engineering, FourthEdition, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1979.Stoessel, John C., Kathy Dunkle, and Richard Faulk, Dam Inspection Using Divers and aRemote Operated Vehicle, 2004 ASDSO Conference, 2004.Stokoe, K., Geophysical Inspection Techniques, ICODS Dam Safety WorkshopNumber 6: Piping Associated with Conduits Through Embankments Dams, 1999.Traylor, Robert, and Eric Rehwoldt, Geophysical, Drilling and Grouting Techniques Used InLocation and Treatment of CMP, ASDSO 1999 Annual Conference, 1999.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydraulic Design of Reservoir Outlet Works, EM 1110-21602, 1980.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Instrumentation for Concrete Structures, EM 1110-2-4300,1980 (Original), 1987 (Change 1).372
ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Repair of Dam Intake Structures and Conduits: CaseHistories, Technical Report REMR-CS-16, Vicksburg MS, 1988.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Development of Self-Potential Interpretation Techniques forSeepage Detection, REMR GT-6, Report No. 3, Waterways Experiment Station, 1989.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Culvert Repair at Enid Lake, Mississippi, REMRBulletin Vol. 7, No. 1, Waterways Experiment Station, Elke Briuer, 1990.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Strength Design for Reinforced-Concrete Hydraulic Structures,EM 1110-2-2104, 1992.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seepage Analysis and Control for Dams, EM 1110-2-1901, 1986 (original), 1993 (change 1).U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chemical Grouting, EM 1110-1-3500, 1995a.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Evaluation and Repair of Concrete Structures,EM 1110-2-2002, 1995b.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Geophysical Exploration for Engineering and EnvironmentalInvestigations, EM 1110-1-1802, 1995c.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Guidelines for Trenchless Technology: Cured-in-Place Pipe(CIPP), Fold-and-Formed Pipe (FFP), Mini-Horizontal Directional Drilling (Mini-HDD), andMicrotunneling, Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR) ProgramReport No. CPAR-GL-95-2, Waterways Experiment Station, 1995d.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterstops and Other Preformed Joint Materials for CivilWorks Structures, EM 1110-2-2102, 1995e.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Dam Safety Preparedness, EP 1110-2-13 Washington,DC, 1996.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Procedures for Drilling in Earth Embankments,Engineering Regulation ER 1110-1-1807, September 1997.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Culverts, Conduits, and Pipes, EM 1110-2-2902, 1997(original), 1998a (changed).U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Installation of Pipelines Beneath Levees Using HorizontalDirectional Drilling, Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR)Program, Report No. WES CPAR-GL-98-1, Waterways Experiment Station, 1998b.373
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Page 359 and 360: Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
Page 369 and 370: Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Page 383 and 384: Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
Page 385 and 386: Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
Page 451 and 452: GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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