Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsEmergency gate: See Gate, emergency.Emergency spillway: See Spillway, emergency.Engineer: A person trained and experienced in the profession of engineering; aperson licensed to practice the profession by the appropriate authority.Entrance structure: A structure located at the upstream end of a conduit.Entrance structures often include gates or valves, bulkheads, trashracks, and/or fishscreens. Entrance structures are often referred to as intake structures for outletworks and inlet structures for spillways.Epoxy: Any of various resins capable of forming tight, cross-linked polymerstructures characterized by toughness, strong adhesion, and corrosion resistance.Commonly used as a two-part adhesive.Erosion (FEMA, 2004): The wearing away of a surface (bank, streambed,embankment, or other surface) by floods, waves, wind, or any other natural process.Evacuation: The act of removing water from a reservoir.Event tree: A graphical representation of a series of events.Excavation: Any manmade cut, trench, or depression in a surface, formed by earthand/or rock removal.Expansion (ACI, 2000): Increase in either length of volume.Expansion joint: See Joint, expansion.Extensometer (ASCE, 2000): An instrument that measures the change in distancebetween two anchored points.Fabric tube (ASTM F 1743, 1996): Flexible needled felt, or equivalent, woven ornonwoven material(s), or both, formed into a tubular shape, which, duringinstallation, is saturated with resin and holds the resin in place during installation andcuring process.Failure (ICOLD, 1974): Collapse or movement of a part of an embankment damor its foundation, so that the dam cannot retain water. In general, a failure results inthe release of large quantities of water, imposing risks on the people or propertydownstream from the embankment dam.400
GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004): A physically plausible process for an embankmentdam failure, resulting from an existing inadequacy or defect related to a naturalfoundation condition, the dam or appurtenant structure’s design, the construction,the materials incorporated, the operation and maintenance, or aging process, whichcan lead to an uncontrolled release of the reservoir.Filter cake: A thin layer of soil particles that accumulate at the face of a filter whenwater flowing through a crack carries eroding particles to the face. The filter cakeforms when eroded particles embed themselves into the surface voids of the filter.The filter cake is effective in reducing further water flow to that which would occurthrough a layer of soil with the permeability of the eroded soil particles.Filter collar: See Filter, collar.Filter diaphragm: See Filter, diaphragm.Filter: A zone of material designed and installed to provide drainage, yet prevent themovement of soil particles due to flowing water.Chimney: A chimney filter is a vertical or near vertical element in anembankment dam that is placed immediately downstream of the dam’s core. Inthe case of a homogenous embankment dam, the chimney filter is typicallyplaced in the central portion of the dam.Collar: A limited placement of filter material that completely surrounds aconduit for a specified length within the embankment dam. The filter collar islocated near the conduit’s downstream end. The filter collar is usually includedin embankment dam rehabilitation only when a filter diaphragm cannot beconstructed. A filter collar is different from a filter diaphragm, in that a filterdiaphragm is usually located within the interior of the embankment dam.Diaphragm: A filter diaphragm is a zone of filter material constructed as adiaphragm surrounding a conduit through an embankment. The filterdiaphragm protects the embankment near the conduit from internal erosion byintercepting potential cracks in the earthfill near and surrounding the conduit.A filter diaphragm is intermediate in size between a chimney filter and a filtercollar. The filter diaphragm is placed on all sides of the conduit and extends aspecified distance into the embankment.First filling: Usually refers to the initial filling of a reservoir or conduit.Flood (FEMA, 2004): A temporary rise in water surface elevation resulting ininundation of areas not normally covered by water. Hypothetical floods may beexpressed in terms of average probability of exceedance per year, such as401
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
Page 447 and 448: GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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Page 453 and 454: GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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