Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsRock foundation, 87, 113, 114, 239Roof of an eroded cavern, 5, 6, 9, 20, 165, 172, 275, 276Rutting, 122SSaddles, 79, 80Sand, 5, 14, 16, 41, 42, 114, 120, 129, 133, 139, 140, 143, 145, 147-149, 151-155, 158,167, 177, 178, 180, 183, 197, 208, 252, 266, 269, 270, 274, 334, 350, 352,357, 361Sand boil, 14, 208, 252, 266Scaling, 181, 184, 187, 248, 352Scarification, 122Scheduling of inspections, see Inspections, schedulingScour, 4, 178, 266Seam, soil, 117, 166, 343Seepage paths, 23, 28, 32, 109, 123, 172, 190, 208, 269, 293, 294, 316, 317, 324, 325,332Seepage quantity, 15, 236, 237Segregation, 91, 148-150, 152, 361Seismic activity, 38, 65, 151, 190, 193, 199Seismic tomography, 245-247, 250Selection of backfill, 120Self potential, 245, 251, 252Self-healing, 147Service life, 21, 28, 42-45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 86, 93, 184, 185, 187, 293, 294, 316, 317,324, 325, 348, 352Settlement, 2, 7, 17, 18, 22, 32, 37-39, 44, 52, 55, 75-77, 79-81, 84, 85, 87, 99-102,107, 113-116, 118-120, 124, 125, 138, 140, 143-145, 151, 170, 172-174,190-192, 197, 198, 208, 234-236, 239, 266, 270, 277, 278, 288, 339, 345,354Shape, see Conduit, shapeShear strength, 85, 91, 99-101, 115, 335Shear stress, 127, 187Shore, 189, 212Side slopes, see Conduit, side slopesSilt, 5, 119, 128, 129, 158, 161, 177, 178Sinkhole, 126, 158, 161, 163, 164, 167-169, 197, 206-208, 239, 252, 253, 266, 269,270, 273-277Siphon, 25, 39, 40, 216, 270, 278-280, 354, 360Slaking, 114436
IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164, 167, 180, 277, 290-295, 297, 302, 304, 305, 307, 310,312-316, 318, 319, 323, 331Sluice, 317Slurry, 24, 25, 27-29, 38, 338-340, 353Snap-Tite®, 315, 316Soil foundation, 18, 114, 115, 118, 133, 332Soil resistivity, see Electrical resistivitySoluble salt, 183Sonar, 218, 245, 246, 254-256Sonic caliper, 245, 246, 260Spacers, 302, 303, 305, 312-314, 319-321Specialized inspection, 205, 212, 213Specifications, 22, 30, 37, 94, 95, 98, 105, 123, 150-153, 188, 202, 340, 350Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves, 248Steel pipe, see Pipe, steelSpigot, 47, 48, 53, 106, 107, 109-111, 300, 302Spillway, 1, 67-73, 89, 91, 94, 95, 115, 159, 160, 181, 183, 184, 207, 243, 248, 250,253, 265-267, 271, 273, 274, 278, 280-285, 287, 308, 312auxiliary, 1, 69, 70, 308earthcut, 284emergency, 69, 284service, 1Spliced, 108, 109, 289Spray lining, 330Stability, 25, 56, 71, 271, 310, 335, 342Stave, 3Stoplog, 70Storage, 9, 27, 28, 59, 67, 134, 269, 288, 304, 319, 320Strain gauge, 209, 236Strength design method, 90Structural deformation, 235-237Structural design of conduits, see Conduits, structural designStyrofoam, 297Subsidence, 273, 274, 341Suffosion, 4, 126Sulfate attack, 180Surface air voids, 188Surface hardness, 213, 245, 246, 260Surface waves, see Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves437
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
Page 447 and 448: GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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