Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsFrance, John, Report of Workshop on Issues, Solutions, and Research Needs Related to Seepagethrough Embankment Dams, October 17-19, 2000.Garner, S.J., and J.C. Sobkowicz, Internal Instability in Gap-Graded Cores and Filters,Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada Thurber Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Canadian Dam Association Annual Meeting, 2002 , Victoria, BC, Canada, October,2002.Hammer, David P., Construction of Vertical and Inclined Sand Drains in EmbankmentDams, 2003 ASDSO Conference, 2003.Heckell, Richard D., and George F. Sowers, Internal Erosion at Lake Tansi Dam,ASDSO Conference, 1995.International Commission on Large Dams, Bibliography—Mine and Industrial TailingsDams and Dumps, Bulletin No. 44, 1989a.International Commission on Large Dams, Recommendations—Tailings Dam Safety,Bulletin No. 74, 1989b.International Commission on Large Dams, Aging of Dams and Appurtenant Works,Bulletin No. 93, 1994a.International Commission on Large Dams, Tailings Dams—Design of Drainage, BulletinNo. 97, 1994b.International Commission on Large Dams, Tailings Dams and Seismicity—Review andRecommendations, Bulletin No. 98, 1995a.International Commission on Large Dams, Tailings Dams—Transport, Placement, andDecantation—Review and Recommendations, Bulletin No. 101, 1995b.International Commission on Large Dams, Tailings Dams and Environment—Review andRecommendations, Bulletin No. 103, 1996a.International Commission on Large Dams, Monitoring of Tailings Dams—Review andRecommendations, Bulletin No. 104, 1996b.International Commission on Large Dams, A Guide to Tailings Dams andImpoundments—Design, Construction, Use and Rehabilitation, Bulletin No. 106, 1996c.International Commission on Large Dams, Tailings Dams Risk of DangerousOccurrence—Lessons Learnt from Practical Experiences, Bulletin No. 121, July 2001.368
ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling of Circular Rings and Cylindrical Tubes under ExternalPressure,” Water Power, December 1974.Koelliker, J.K., and A.N. Lin, “Expected Life of CMP Principal Spillway Conduits,”American Society of Agricultural Engineers Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, March 1992, pp. 229235.Kula, Joseph R., Gregory A. Zamensky, and Timothy J. King, The Inspection andRehabilitation of Corrugated Metal Pipes Used in Embankment Dams, 2000 ASDSOConference, 2000.Lafleur, Jean, Jacek Mlynarek, and André Rollin, “Filtration of Broadly GradedCohesionless Soils,” ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 12,December, 1989, pp 1747-1768.Luehring, Ron, Stuart Bezanson, and Roy Grant, Averting Incipient Piping Failure of aTurn-of-the-Century Wilderness Dam, 1999 ASDSO Annual Conference, 1999.McCook, Danny K., Correlations Between a Simple Field Test and Relative Density TestValues, ASCE, 1996.McCook, Danny K., A Comprehensive Discussion of Piping and Internal Erosion FailureMechanisms, 2004 ASDSO Annual Conference, 2004.Miller, R.D., J. Xia, C.B. Park, and J.M. Ivanov, Multichannel Analysis of Surfaces Wavesto Map Bedrock: Leading Edge, 18, 1392-1396, 1999.Milligan, Victor, “Some Uncertainties in Embankment Dam Engineering,”Thirty-Eighth Terzaghi Lecture, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, Vol. 129, No. 9, September 1, 2003, pp. 785-797.Molhotra, V.M., and N.J. Carino, Nondestructive Testing of Concrete, 2004.Monroe, Joseph S., Charles B. Wilson, and Russell A.. Bendel, “Options for Repairfor Deteriorated CMPs through Dams,” LakeLine, Fall Edition, 2002.National Corrugated Steel Pipe Association, CSP Durability Guide, 2000.Natural Resources Conservation Service, The Structural Design of Underground Conduits,Technical Release No. 5 (TR5), 1958.Natural Resources Conservation Service, Computation of Joint Extensibility Requirements,Technical Release No. 18 (TR18), 1969.369
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Page 369 and 370: Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Page 383 and 384: Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
Page 451 and 452: GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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