Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsDavid Pezza, P.E. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), and Hal Van Aller, P.E.(Maryland Department of the Environment). The technical editor for this documentwas Lelon A. Lewis (Bureau of Reclamation). Illustrators for this document wereBonnie Gehringer (Bureau of Reclamation) and Wendy Pierce (Natural ResourcesConservation Service). Additional technical assistance was provided by Cindy Gray(Bureau of Reclamation).Peer review of this document has been provided by Doug Boyer, P.E. (Bureau ofReclamation), Steve Higinbotham, P.E., Brad Iarossi, P.E., William Irwin, P.E.(Natural Resources Conservation Service), Robert McGovern, P.E. (Bureau ofReclamation), Dr. Edward B. Perry, P.E., and Chuck Redlinger, P.E. (Bureau ofReclamation).The National Dam Safety Review Board (NDSRB) reviewed this document prior toissuance. The NDSRB has responsibility for monitoring the safety and security ofdams in the United States, advising the Director of FEMA on national dam safetypolicy, consulting with the Director of FEMA for the purpose of establishing andmaintaining a coordinated National Dam Safety Program, and monitoring of Stateimplementation of the assistance program.A number of additional engineers and technicians provided input in preparation ofthis document, and the authors greatly appreciate their efforts and contributions.The authors also extend their appreciation to the following agencies and individualsfor graciously providing additional reviews, information, and permission to use theirmaterials in this publication:viASTM InternationalAmerican Concrete InstituteAmerican Concrete Pressure Pipe AssociationAmerican Society of Agricultural and Biological EngineersAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation of State Dam Safety Officials, Lori Spragens and Sarah MayfieldBC Hydro, Steve GarnerBureau of Indian AffairsBureau of Reclamation, Richard D. Benik, Rick Frisz, Ernest Hall, WalterHeyder, John LaBoon, Rich Markiewicz, William McStraw, Jay Stateler,and Chris VeesaertCanadian Dam AssociationCanadian Geotechnical JournalColorado Division of Water ResourcesConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Energy Regulatory CommissionKeith FergusonInternational Commission on Large Dams
PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Dam Safety Division, Cas TaherianMine Safety and Health Administration, John FredlandMontana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, MicheleLemieuxNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Research Council of CanadaNatural Resources Conservation Service, Wade AndersonOhio Department of Natural Resources, Jerry ReedEd RossillonSchnabel Engineering, Mark Dunscomb and Ned BillingtonSonex Corporation, William C. BoyceThurber Engineering Ltd., John SobkowiczTransportation Research BoardUniversity of New South Wales, Professor Robin FellURS Corporation, Sal TodaroUnited States Army Corps of Engineers, David Capka, Ed Chisolm, DanLeavell, Bob Oberle, Michael R. Snyder, and Duane StaggWashington State Department of EcologyIf conduits are not designed and constructed correctly, embankment dams will havean increased probability of failure, which endangers the public. The particular designrequirements and site conditions of each embankment dam and conduit are unique.No single publication can cover all of the requirements and conditions that can beencountered during design and construction. Therefore, it is critically important thatconduits through embankment dams be designed by engineers experienced with allaspects of the design and construction of these structures.The users of this document are cautioned that sound engineering judgment shouldalways be applied when using references. The authors have strived to avoidreferencing any material that is considered outdated for use in modern designs.However, the user should be aware that certain portions of references cited in thisdocument may have become outdated in regards to design and construction aspectsand/or philosophies. While these references still may contain valuable information,users should not automatically assume that the entire reference is suitable for designand construction purposes.Many sources of information were utilized in the development of this document,including:• Published design standards and technical publications of the various federal andState agencies involved with the preparation of this document.vii
Page 1: Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
Page 5 and 6: PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
Page 7: Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
Page 16: Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
Page 19 and 20: Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
Page 21 and 22: Contents81 On first filling, a high
Page 23 and 24: Contents117 This conduit was severe
Page 25 and 26: Contents158 An example of a histori
Page 27 and 28: ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
Page 29 and 30: ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
Page 31 and 32: ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
Page 33 and 34: ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
Page 35 and 36: Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
Page 37 and 38: ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
Page 39 and 40: IntroductionConduits convey water f
Page 41 and 42: IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
Page 43 and 44: Introductionunstable. When seepage
Page 45 and 46: IntroductionAn embankment dam with
Page 47 and 48: A vortex may form at the location w
Page 49 and 50: IntroductionWater from the reservoi
Page 51 and 52: IntroductionFlowing water from the
Page 53 and 54: IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
Page 55 and 56: Introductionbe observable at the su
Page 57 and 58: IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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