Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsCradle: Reinforced, formed concrete that provides both longitudinal and lateralstructural support to a circular conduit. A cradle extends for the full length of theconduit and encases the lower half of the conduit up to the springline.Creep ratio: The ratio of the seepage path through an embankment dam divided bythe head differential between the upstream and downstream toes of the dam.Weighted creep ratio includes proportioned vertical distances added to thehorizontal seepage path length. The proportions are weighted based on the ratio ofhorizontal to vertical permeabilities in layered embankment and foundation soils.“Creep ratio” is no longer in common use as a design tool.Cross section (FEMA, 2004): An elevation view of an embankment dam formedby passing a plane through the dam perpendicular to the axis.Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) (ASTM F 1743, 1996): A hollow cylinder consistingof a fabric tube with cured (cross-linked) thermosetting resin. Interior or exteriorplastic coatings, or both, may be included. The CIPP is formed within an existingconduit and takes the shape of and fits tightly to the conduit.Cutoff trench (FEMA, 2004): A foundation excavation later to be filled withimpervious material to limit seepage beneath an embankment dam.Dam (FEMA, 2004): An artificial barrier that has the ability to impound water,wastewater, or any liquid-borne material, for the purpose of storage or control ofwater.Earthfill (FEMA, 2004): An embankment dam in which more than 50percent of the total volume is formed of compacted earth layers comprised ofmaterial generally smaller than 3 inches.Embankment (FEMA, 2004): Any dam constructed of excavated naturalmaterials, such as both earthfill and rockfill dams, or of industrial wastematerials, such as a tailings dams.Rockfill (FEMA, 2004): An embankment dam in which more than 50 percentof the total volume is comprised of compacted or dumped cobbles, boulders,rock fragments, or quarried rock generally larger than 3 inches.Tailings (FEMA, 2004): An industrial waste dam in which the waste materialscome from mining operations or mineral processing.Dam failure (FEMA, 2004): A catastrophic type of failure characterized by thesudden, rapid, and uncontrolled release of impounded water or the likelihood ofsuch an uncontrolled release. There are lesser degrees of failure, and any396
Glossarymalfunction or abnormality outside the design assumptions and parameters thatadversely affect an embankment dam’s primary function of impounding water isproperly considered a failure. These lesser degrees of failure can progressively leadto or heighten the risk of a catastrophic failure. They are, however, normallyamenable to corrective action.Dam safety (FEMA, 2004): Dam safety is the art and science of ensuring theintegrity and viability of dams, such that they do not present unacceptable risks tothe public, property, and the environment. Dam safety requires the collectiveapplication of engineering principles and experience, and a philosophy of riskmanagement that recognizes that an embankment dam is a structure whose safefunction is not explicitly determined by its original design and construction. Damsafety also includes all actions taken to identify or predict deficiencies andconsequences related to failure, and to document and publicize any unacceptablerisks, and reduce, eliminate, or remediate them to the extent reasonably possible.Decant: To draw off the upper layer of liquid after the heaviest material (a solid oranother liquid) has settled.Defect: A discontinuity whose size, shape, orientation, location, or properties makeit detrimental to the useful service of the structure in which it occurs.Deflection: The decrease in the vertical diameter of a conduit due to loading.Deformation (ACI, 2000): A change in dimension or shape due to stress.Delamination: A separation of layers.Desiccation: The process for evaporating water or removing water vapor from amaterial.Design: An iterative decisionmaking process that produces plans by whichresources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs or solveproblems.Designer: A registered engineer representing a firm, association, partnership,corporation, agency, or any combination of these who is responsible for thesupervision or preparation of plans and specifications associated with anembankments dam and its appurtenances.Destructive testing: Testing of a physical specimen or structure to determine itsmaterial properties. This may require the removal of a portion of a structure (such asa core sample of concrete removed from a conduit) for testing in a laboratory or forpetrographic analysis.397
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Page 383 and 384: Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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