Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsInitial inspection of the existing conduit.—For a discussion of the initialinspection of an existing conduit refer to section 12.1.1.Selection of the diameter and thickness.—The selection of the diameter andthickness of the steel pipe slipliner should consider the following factors:• Size and condition of the existing conduit.—Similar size and condition requirementsare needed for steel pipe slipliners as are used for the design of HDPEslipliners, see section 12.1.1 for further details.• Discharge requirements.—Similar discharge requirements are needed for steel pipeslipliners as are used for the design of HDPE slipliners, see section 12.1.1 forfurther details.• Clearance requirements for grouting of the annulus between the existing conduit and the steelpipe slipliner.—Similar clearance requirements are needed for steel pipe sliplinersas are used for the design of HDPE slipliners, see section 12.1.1 for furtherdetails. However, it should be noted that flanged joints generally require moreclearance than heat fused HDPE joints or welded steel joints.• Internal and external loadings.—Similar loadings can be expected on steel pipeslipliners as are used for the design of HDPE slipliners; see section 12.1.1 forfurther details. Steel pipe slipliner thickness requirements are generallygoverned by external pressures and the potential for buckling during futureunwatering of the slipliner. Steel pipe should be designed in accordance withindustry-accepted methods, such as those found in AWWA M11 (AWWA,2004c), Amstutz (1970), and Jacobsen (1974).Thermal expansion/contraction.—Thermal expansion/contraction is generallynot a concern with steel pipe slipliners, as long as it does not have any portionexposed to the environment.Stress cracking.—Stress cracking is generally not a concern with steel pipeslipliners.Fabrication.—Steel pipe used for sliplining should be fabricated in accordance withAWWA C200 (1997) and ASTM A 36 and A 53. The steel pipe slipliner should behydrostatically tested at the factory based on the design pressures. The steel pipeslipliner should be coated as specified by the designer.To avoid delays to the construction schedule, the steel pipe slipliner should be shopfabricated while other site preparations for installation of the slipliner are beingperformed (e.g., construction access, or concrete removal). Depending on thediameter and length of the steel pipe slipliner, it may be advantageous to shop318
Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduitsfabricate the slipliner in sections, so finished sections can be installed while othersegments are being fabricated. Sometimes a separate procurement contract for thesteel pipe slipliner is issued early, so fabrication can begin sooner.Joints. - Steel pipe slipliner joints should be welded in accordance with AWWAC206 (2005). Flanged steel joint rings should be fabricated in accordance withAWWA C207 (2002). “Full face” rubber gaskets between the flanges are required inorder to ensure a watertight joint. Fittings should have a factory-applied coating toprotect against corrosion. Bolts should be of stainless steel or low allow steel andshould be field coated after installation.Flotation.—Flotation is a concern for steel pipe slipliners, but not as much as it isfor thermoplastic slipliners. The weight of the steel pipe slipliner helps to prevent itfrom being displaced upward by the fluid pressure of the grout in the annulusbetween the existing conduit and steel pipe slipliner. Spacers or jack screws arealways required to secure the steel pipe slipliner from movement during groutplacement.Entrance and terminal structures.—The steel pipe sliplining of an existing conduitmay require partial or full removal and replacement of certain structures to improverelease capabilities or to facilitate construction. For guidance on the design andconstruction of entrance and terminal structures, see section 3.4.12.1.2.2 Construction considerationsThe designer must evaluate a number of construction parameters when consideringsteel pipe for use in sliplining. A few of the most significant parameters include:• Handling and storage• Installation• Repairs to the steel pipe slipliner prior to or during the insertion process• Grouting• Postinspection and acceptance• Maintenance and repair of the completed steel pipe sliplinerThese parameters are further discussed in the following paragraphs. On a case-bycasebasis, the designer may need to consider additional parameters, depending onthe construction requirements of the specific application.319
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Page 327 and 328: Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Page 369 and 370: Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Page 383 and 384: Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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