Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment Dams183 CIPP liner being positioned for installation ..........................329184 The hydrostatic inversion method is being used for CIPP liner installation into an existing conduit .................................329185 The calibration hose of this pulled-in-place CIPP developed “fins.” These fins were considered to have an insignificant effect on hydrauliccapacity for this particular conduit application and were not removed ..... 330186 Excavator removing the intake structure for an existing outlet works ..... 334187 Cofferdam constructed around the construction area for a new outlet works ......................................................... 337188 During the removal of this outlet works conduit a flood occurred. No stream diversion or cofferdam was used at this site ....................338189 A very large surface void appeared directly above a test microtunnelinginstallation when the operator stopped advancement of the machine butbriefly allowed the slurry pump to continue to circulate the drilling mud.The void appeared in backfill surrounding some test instruments, some ofwhich appeared to support the adjacent soils . . . . . . . ..................340190 Hydraulic fracture of embankment levee during HDD installation is visible in this photograph. The drilling mud, which was dyed pink, sothat such fractures could be observed, followed an interface along a clayseam.......................................................... 343191 Drilling a grout hole from the interior of a conduit . . ..................347192 Injection of urethane grout to stop leakage...........................349193 Determine the cause of the damage to determine the proper repair method .......................................................349194 Evaluate the extent of the damage..................................351195 A repair being made using epoxy-bonded replacement concrete. The use of epoxy resin ensures a strong, durable bond between the old concreteand the replacement concrete .....................................353196 An example of resin injection equipment used for small repair projects. Components are pumped independently and mixed at the nozzle forinjection....................................................... 355197 Abandonment of a conduit by injection of cement grout through holes drilled from the surface of the embankment dam to depths of up to 60 feet........................................................... 357198 An auger is being used to drill within an embankment dam . . . .......... 359199 Grout is delivered to the site and is pumped into the conduit being abandoned..................................................... 362200 Grout being delivered to the pumping truck .........................362xxiv
ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo.pageAppendix AA-1 Hand tamping embankment material next to an antiseep collar .......... A-5A-2 Internal erosion failure along a conduit with antiseep collars ............ A-5Appendix BB-1 Outflow of water at downstream end of outlet conduit during failure.Note flow from conduit itself and from the area adjacent to theconduit .....................................................B-2B-2 A view of upstream end of outlet conduit following failure. Noteformation of caverns immediately adjacent to seepage cutoff collars.These caverns extend to the downstream embankment toe ........... B-2B-3 Initial construction of embankment dam and outlet conduit (upstreamis to left). Note presence of antiseep collars surrounding conduit ...... B-3B-4 Initial construction. Note hand tampers being used to compact earthfilladjacent to outlet conduit ......................................B-3B-5 The upstream section of the 54-inch diameter CMP spillway conduitcompletely collapsed when the water level reached the elevation of theweirs on the inlet structure. Site personnel reported a “vortex” in thepool adjacent to the structure shortly before collapse . . . . . . .......... B-5B-6 The downstream section of the CMP spillway remained partially intact,but deep troughs were visible directly above each side of the conduit . . . B-7B-7 The spillway conduit and portions of the embankment soils werecarefully removed and documented during a forensic investigation about2 weeks after the failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................B-8B-8 Starting at the downstream end of the conduit, two large excavatorsremoved the majority of the earthfill under the watchful eyes of State andlocal officials, geotechnical engineers, surveyors, lawyers and the pipemanufacture .................................................B-8B-9 When the “hugger band” at the most downstream conduit joint wasremoved, the o-ring gasket was found to have been displaced. Inaddition, debris from the pool was found under the band, indicating thatwater may have flowed unrestricted along the outside of the conduitfrom the pool and into the joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................B-9B-10 The presence of undisturbed foundation soils confirmed that theconduit was placed in a trench with nearly vertical sides, making itxxv
Page 1: Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
Page 5 and 6: PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
Page 7 and 8: Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
Page 9: PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
Page 16: Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
Page 19 and 20: Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
Page 21 and 22: Contents81 On first filling, a high
Page 23 and 24: Contents117 This conduit was severe
Page 25: Contents158 An example of a histori
Page 29 and 30: ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
Page 31 and 32: ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
Page 33 and 34: ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
Page 35 and 36: Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
Page 37 and 38: ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
Page 39 and 40: IntroductionConduits convey water f
Page 41 and 42: IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
Page 43 and 44: Introductionunstable. When seepage
Page 45 and 46: IntroductionAn embankment dam with
Page 47 and 48: A vortex may form at the location w
Page 49 and 50: IntroductionWater from the reservoi
Page 51 and 52: IntroductionFlowing water from the
Page 53 and 54: IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
Page 55 and 56: Introductionbe observable at the su
Page 57 and 58: IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
Page 59 and 60: Introductionwhere conduits were ass
Page 61 and 62: Introduction• Conduits within lev
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
Page 65 and 66: Introductionmore recent practiced h
Page 67 and 68: IntroductionThe “best practices
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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