Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsProject name: Beltzville DamLocation: PennsylvaniaSummary: Conduit crack surveyBeltzville Dam is located in northeastern Pennsylvania. The embankment dam has astructural height of 170 feet, a crest length of 4,560 feet, and a crest width of 30 feet.Appurtenant features include a spillway and an outlet works. The outlet works isused for flood control. The outlet works consists of a gated intake structure, a7-foot diameter concrete conduit approximately 1,165 feet in length, and a stillingbasin. The USACE with assistance from the Beltzville Lake operations personnelperformed a condition survey (also called a crack survey) of the outlet works conduitin July 2003. Previous formal surveys had taken place in 1971, 1988, 1992, and 1999.Although not specifically meeting all of the parameters defining a confined space, theoutlet conduit was treated as such for man-entry. Personnel were trained in confinedspace operations and air monitoring equipment, and a hard-wire communicationstool was used during the survey. Drawings showing that the results of the previoussurveys were used as a baseline for performing the current mapping. Stationingwithin the conduit is marked periodically on the conduit walls, although somemarkings have lessened in intensity. Digital photographs were taken of some of themore prominent features.Spalling had occurred at joints and other localized spots. Minor cracking, spalling,surface abrasion, and calcitic efflorescence were observed and mapped. Figures B-20through B-23 are typical of these features. No major leakage was evident; however,minor seepage of water was observed in two locations but with no material beingcarried.The 2003 survey noted changes in the sizes of some of the spalls and sevenadditional (or not-previously-mapped) spalls. Two new (or not-previously-mapped)occurrences of cracking and three new (or not-previously-mapped) occurrences ofcalcitic efflorescence were observed. Conversely, calcitic efflorescence no longerexisted in six locations where it had been previously mapped. Flow through theconduit during high releases appeared to have removed these materials. In general,the condition of the conduit had changed little from the 1999 survey. A comparisonof photos taken in 1999 and 2003 also indicated little change in the more prominentfeatures. Drawings showing the features are developed after each survey iscompleted using different colors to denote the different surveys in order to followchanges in condition of the conduit.B-22
Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B-20.—Large spall at the construction joint located at station12+13.Figure B-21.—Exposed aggregate located at station 11+28.B-23
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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