Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsThese materials are discussed in the following sections.2.1.1 Reinforced cast-in-place concreteReinforced cast-in-place concrete is placed and allowed to cure in the location whereit is required to be in the completed conduit. Reinforced cast-in-place concrete ismade by mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates, sand, and water. Admixtures arefrequently added to the concrete immediately before or during its mixing to increasethe workability, strength, or density, or to lower its freezing point. A framework ofreinforcing steel is constructed, and forms to contain the wet concrete mix are builtaround the reinforcement. The wet concrete mix is placed inside the forms andaround the reinforcing steel. Typically, consolidation of the concrete mix is obtainedby vibration. The final solidified mass becomes reinforced cast-in-place concrete.Reinforced cast-in-place concrete conduits are built at the construction site.Figure 21 shows typical reinforcement used with cast-in-place concrete.Reinforced cast-in-place concrete conduits (figure 22) have a long history of use bythe major dam design agencies. Reinforced cast-in-place concrete conduits are veryadaptable in their application and can be designed to fit specific project requirementsand site conditions. A variety of design shapes are possible. For guidance onselecting the proper shape see section 4.1. Properly designed and constructedreinforced cast-in-place concrete should have a service life of 100 years or longer.The advantages of using reinforced cast-in-place concrete for conduits include:• The longitudinal reinforcement typically extends across the conduit joints. Thisprevents the joint from separating and developing a leak.• A variety of conduit shapes are available to provide better distribution ofloadings to the foundation.• Conduit shapes can be designed to provide for good compaction of earthfillagainst the conduit.• Allows for redundant seepage barrier protection, since waterstops andreinforcement typically extends across conduit joints. Welded steel liners areoften used to provide additional seepage barrier protection.The disadvantages of using reinforced cast-in-place concrete conduits include:• Construction costs are often higher than for other conduit materials,particularly for small diameters.42
Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure 21.—Reinforcement being unloaded for use in cast-in-placeconcrete.Figure 22.—Concrete placement for a reinforced cast-in-place conduit.• Quality of concrete depends on quality control and construction inspection inthe field.• Aggressive water or soil chemistry can limit service life, unless properprecautions are taken in design.43
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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Page 39 and 40: IntroductionConduits convey water f
Page 41 and 42: IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
Page 43 and 44: Introductionunstable. When seepage
Page 45 and 46: IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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Page 51 and 52: IntroductionFlowing water from the
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Page 57 and 58: IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Page 65 and 66: Introductionmore recent practiced h
Page 67 and 68: IntroductionThe “best practices
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Page 75 and 76: Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Page 79: Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Page 95 and 96: Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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