Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsBryant, Scott D. and C. Douglass Jewell, Analysis of Siphon Lake Drain Performance for aSmall Earthen Dam, ASDSO Conference, 1996.Bureau of Reclamation, Stress Analysis of Concrete Pipe, Engineering Monograph No. 6,1950.Bureau of Reclamation, Influence of Soil Properties and Cnstruction Methods on thePerformance of Homogeneous Earth Dams, by James L. Sherard, Technical Memorandum645, Chapter VI, 1953.Bureau of Reclamation, Criteria for Bulkheading Outlet Works Intakes for Storage Dams,ACER Technical Memorandum No. 4, 1982.Bureau of Reclamation, General Design Standards, Embankment Dams—DesignStandard No. 13, Chapter 1, 1986.Bureau of Reclamation, Seepage Analysis and Control, Embankment Dams—DesignStandard No. 13, Chapter 8, 1987.Bureau of Reclamation, Concrete Manual, 1988.Bureau of Reclamation, Foundation and Earth Materials Investigations, EmbankmentDams—Design Standard No. 13, Chapter 12, 1989.Bureau of Reclamation, Instrumentation, Embankment Dams—Design StandardNo. 13, Chapter 11, 1990.Bureau of Reclamation, Pipeline Corrosion Prevention, 1994.Bureau of Reclamation, Guidelines for Drilling in Embankment Dams, 1996.Bureau of Reclamation, Inspection of Spillways, Outlet Works, and Mechanical Equipment,Veesaert, Chris J., 2004.Bushell, Ted D., William Butler, William H. Walton, and Ravi Mathur, Drake LakeDam - A Case History, ASDSO Conference, 2002.Cahill, Scott, Kent Lake Dam Repairs: Slip-Lining without Lowering the Pool, ASDSOConference, 2003.Caldwell, Larry W., Good for Another 100 Years: The Rehabilitation of Sergeant MajorCreek Watershed, ASDSO Conference, 2000.378
Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H., and Phillip J. Hansen, Void Occurrence and Subsequent Safety of DamsInvestigations at Keechelus Dam, Washington, ASDSO Conference, 1999.Chamlee, Bob, Elbe Levee Conduit Repair, VAAP Dam Failure, and Grouting to MitigatePiping at the Savannah River PAR Pond Conduit, FEMA/ICODS Technical SeminarNumber 6, 1999.Charles, J. A., Internal Erosion in European Embankment Dams, 2001.Cooper, Chuck, and Hal Van Aller, Best Practices for Conduits through Embankment Dams,ASDSO Conference, 2004.Cooper, Chuck R., Closed Circuit Television Inspection of Outlet Works and Spillway Conduitsand Toe Drains, ASDSO Conference, 2005.Cowan, Geoffrey L., and James R. Talbot, Hungry Mother Dam Rehabilitation, ASDSOConference, 1998.DiBiagio, Elmo, Instrumentation Possibilities, FEMA/ICODS Technical SeminarNumber 6, 1999.Duncan, J. Michael, Piping Associated with Conduits through Embankment Dams,FEMA/ICODS Technical Seminar Number 6, 1999.Dunscomb, Mark H., Mia A. Painter, and John P. Harrison, Geophysics—Riding theWaves of Seepage, ASDSO Conference, 2004.Eisenbraun, Rodney, Rehabilitation of a Small Dam Outlet Works without Draining theReservoir—A Case Study, ASDSO Conference, 2002.Engemoen, William O., Assessing the Risk of a Seepage-Related Dam Failure by Means ofFailure Mode Identification, Risk Analysis, and Monitoring Practices, ASDSO/FEMASeepage Workshop, 2000.Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety, FEMA 93,2004.Fell, Robin, Embankment Dam Incidents Relating to Piping Associated with Conduits,FEMA/ICODS Technical Seminar Number 6, 1999.Fell, Robin, and Mark Foster, Seepage through Dams and Their Foundations Issues, Solutionsand Research Needs—The Internal Erosion and Piping Process, ASDSO/FEMA SeepageWorkshop, 2000.379
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Page 365 and 366: Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Page 369 and 370: Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Page 383 and 384: Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
Page 447 and 448: GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
Page 451 and 452: GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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