Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsDowel, 102, 103Downstream access, 60-64, 77, 292, 327, 356Downstream control, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 167, 297Drains, 16, 48, 61, 67, 133-135, 137, 139, 143, 146-148, 150-153, 183, 187, 211, 238,266, 277-282, 290, 292, 294, 331, 332, 336Drawdown, 28, 39, 71, 212, 240, 268, 282Drilling, 114, 237, 254, 255, 261, 307, 324, 340-343, 346-348, 355-361horizontal directional, 324, 341-343into the existing embankment dam, 357Drop inlet spillway conduit, 68, 282Dry density, 152, 153Dry spot, 329Dry unit weight, 123, 153Ductile-iron, 1, 39, 41, 53, 54Durability, 91, 104, 179, 183, 185, 188, 189EEarthcut spillway, see Spillway, earthcutEarthfill, 2, 4-7, 18, 24, 31, 32, 34, 37, 42, 44, 45, 47, 52, 54, 56, 59, 75-77, 79-84, 88,114, 116, 120-124, 127, 128, 138-141, 143, 145, 149, 152, 158, 159,170-173, 182, 191, 208, 237, 248, 265, 290, 333-335, 354ramp, see Ramp, earthfillEarthquake, 86, 196, 201Electrical resistivity, 182-184, 245, 246, 251-253, 361Embankment excavation slopes, 118, 141, 332, 335Embankment load, 85, 88, 121, 190, 356Emergency Action Plan, 261-265, 267, 268, 273, 287Emergency Actions, 261, 262, 265, 273Emergency classification, 264-266Engineer, obtaining the services of, 271Entrance structure, 45, 57, 70, 205, 212, 220, 333Epoxy, 330, 352-354Erosionbackward erosion pipe, see Backward erosion pipinginternal, see Internal erosionEvaluation by testing, 57, 58, 74, 75, 100, 187, 200, 201, 203, 209, 223, 227, 228, 234,235, 242, 245, 247, 251, 257, 260, 262, 264, 267, 331, 335, 349, 350, 356Event tree, 18, 20Excavation, 18, 23, 24, 37, 83, 87, 113-116, 118, 119, 121, 141, 142, 170, 226, 232,275-278, 280, 284, 286, 290, 291, 332-339, 341, 342, 354428
IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-51, 89, 98, 180, 187, 188, 195, 226, 229, 273, 290-295,298, 302, 304-307, 309-316, 318-322, 324-334, 336, 345-350, 353-357,359-361Existing embankment dam, 18, 20, 139, 149, 234, 237, 290, 332-334, 357Expansion, 46, 52, 103, 105, 128, 180, 239, 297, 298, 361Extensometer, 236Exterior inspection, 206FFabric tube, 326Factors influencing scheduling of inspections, 196Failure modes, see Potential failure modesFederal agency policy, 131Filter, 4, 6, 14, 18, 20, 27, 29, 32-34, 36, 45, 61, 76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 97, 98, 121,125-129, 131, 133-155, 157, 165, 167, 168, 170-172, 174, 175, 198, 269,270, 274, 277, 291, 292, 294, 331, 333, 341, 342, 345, 354cake, 126, 131, 133, 134, 140chimney, 18, 33, 82, 126, 128, 131, 134-136, 138, 140-144, 147, 174, 175, 333collar, 18, 33, 131, 134, 138, 140, 145-147, 150, 175diaphragm, 4, 6, 18, 27, 33, 45, 82, 84, 85, 97, 98, 121, 126, 128, 129, 131, 134,135, 137-145, 147, 150, 153, 167, 168, 171, 175, 291, 294, 331, 341, 342,345, 354zones, 14, 131, 133, 134, 138, 142-145, 149, 150, 153, 172, 175First filling, 8, 27, 35, 58, 59, 116, 117, 125, 173-175, 194, 242Flood, 1, 23, 58, 59, 67-69, 73, 86, 93, 195, 199, 263, 265, 281, 284, 288, 336, 338,356Flood control, 1, 58, 59, 67, 69, 73, 93, 281, 288Flotation, 93, 294, 302, 316, 319, 324, 326Fly ash, 180Footbridge, 65, 66Forensics, 231-233, 274Foundation, 1, 2, 4, 14-18, 22, 26, 32, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 52, 59, 75, 79, 80, 83-87, 92,95, 98-101, 113-115, 118-121, 131, 133, 135, 136, 141, 142, 151, 152, 167,189-193, 197, 198, 203, 208-210, 213, 228, 234-236, 239-241, 266, 269,270, 277, 284, 331-333, 337, 341, 348, 358investigation, 40preparation, 113rock, 87, 113, 114, 239soil, 18, 114, 115, 118, 133, 332Fracture, see Hydraulic fracture429
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
Page 437 and 438: GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
Page 447 and 448: GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
Page 451 and 452: GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
Page 453 and 454: GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Page 495 and 496: Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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