Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment Dams1-percent-chance flood, or expressed as a fraction of the probable maximum floodor other reference flood.Flood control: The regulation of flood inflows to reduce flood damagedownstream.Flotation: The act or state of floating.Fly ash (ACI, 2000): The finely divided residue that results from the combustion ofground or powdered coal and that is transported by flue gases from the combustionzone to the particle removal system.Footbridge: A structure that allows for pedestrian travel.Forensics: The branch of science that employs scientific technology to assist in thedetermination of facts.Foundation (FEMA, 2004): The portion of a valley floor that underlies andsupports an embankment dam.Frost heave (ASTM D 653, 2002): The raising of a structure due to theaccumulation of ice in the underlying soil or rock.Fully deteriorated conduit (ASTM D 5813, 2004): The existing conduit is notstructurally sound and cannot support soil and live loads or is expected to reach thiscondition over the design life of the rehabilitated pipe.Gate: A movable water barrier for the control of water.Bulkhead (FEMA, 2004): A gate used either for temporary closure of achannel or conduit before unwatering it for inspection or maintenance, or forclosure against flowing water when the head difference is small, as in adiversion tunnel.Emergency (FEMA, 2004): A standby or reserve gate used only when thenormal means of water control is not available for use.Guard (FEMA, 2004): A standby or auxiliary gate used when the normalmeans of water control is not available. Sometimes referred to as an emergencygate.Regulating (regulating valve) (FEMA, 2004): A gate or valve that operatesunder full pressure flow conditions to regulate the rate of discharge.402
GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet works structure containing gates or valves locatedbetween the upstream and downstream conduits.Gauge (ASCE, 2000): A device that measures something with a graduated scale.Geophysical techniques: Methods used to study the physical characteristics andproperties of embankment dams. Geophysical techniques are based on the detectionof contrasts in different physical properties of materials.Geotextiles (FEMA, 2004): Any fabric or textile (natural or synthetic) when usedas an engineering material in conjunction with soil, foundations, or rock. Geotextileshave the following uses: drainage, filtration, separation of materials, reinforcement,moisture barriers, and erosion protection.Gradation (ASTM C 822, 2002): The distribution of particles of granular materialamong standard sizes, usually expressed in terms of cumulative percentages larger orsmaller than each of a series of sieve openings.Gravel (ASTM D 653, 2002): Rounded or semirounded particles of rock that willpass a 3-inch (76.2)-mm) and be retained on a No. 4 (4.75-µm) U.S. standard sieve.Ground-penetrating radar: A geophysical method which uses high-frequencyradio waves to locate voids at shallow depths, less than about 15 to 20 feet (theeffective depth is very limited in clayey soils).Grout (FEMA, 2004): A fluidized material that is injected into soil, rock, concrete,or other construction material to seal openings and to lower the permeability and/orprovide additional structural strength. There are four major types of groutingmaterials: chemical, cement, clay, and bitumen.Grout mix (ASTM D 653, 2002): The proportions or amounts of the variousmaterials used in the grout, expressed by weight or volume (The words “by volume”or “by weight” should be used to specify the mix).Grout pipe: The pipe used to transport grout to a certain location. The grout maybe transported through this pipe by either gravity flow or pressure injection.Guard gate: See Gate, guard.Hazard (FEMA, 2004): A situation that creates the potential for adverseconsequences, such as loss of life, or property damage.Hazard potential classification: A system that categorizes embankment damsaccording to the degree of adverse incremental consequences of a failure or403
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
Page 481 and 482: Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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