Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Conduits through Embankment DamsCohesionless soil (ASTM D 653, 2002): A soil that, when unconfined, has little orno strength when air dried and that has little or no cohesion when submerged.Cohesive soil (ASTM D 653, 2002): A soil that, when unconfined, hasconsiderable strength when air dried and that has significant cohesion whensubmerged.Collapse: The movement or damage of a structural member that makes it unable tosupport loads.Compaction (FEMA, 2004): Mechanical action that increases density by reducingthe voids in a material.Controlled: A compaction process that includes requirements for maximumlift thickness and other criteria to ensure that the compacted soil has theintended properties.Method: A compaction process that only specifies the equipment and itsoperation in compacting the soil.Compressible foundation: Foundation materials that will compress significantlywhen loaded.Compressive strength (ASTM C 822, 2002): The maximum resistance of aconcrete specimen to axial compressive loading; or the specified resistance used indesign calculations.Concrete (ACI, 2000): A composite material that consists of a binding medium(Portland cement and water, with or without admixtures) within which areembedded particles of fragments of fine and coarse aggregate.Precast (ACI, 2000): Concrete that is cast somewhere other than its finallocation.Reinforced cast-in-place (ACI, 2000): Structural concrete containingreinforcement that is placed and allowed to cure in the location where it isrequired to be when completed.Condition assessment rating: A method for evaluating the condition of a conduitbased on inspection.Conduit (FEMA, 2004): A closed channel to convey water through, around, orunder an embankment dam.394
GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004): Potential loss of life or property damagedownstream of a dam caused by floodwater released at the embankment dam or bywater released by partial or complete failure of the dam.Consolidation (ASCE, 2000): The process of densifying a material both naturallyand mechanically.Construction joint: See Joint, construction.Contamination: The introduction of undesirable or unsuitable materials.Contraction (ACI, 2000): Decrease in either length of volume.Contraction joint: See Joint, contraction.Control: The location within a conduit where regulation of flow occurs. Control features: Typically gates or valves located in the entrance structure,conduit, gate chamber, or a terminal structure.Control joint: See Joint, control.Control testing: Laboratory tests performed on embankment material duringconstruction to check if the specified material properties are being achieved.Controlled breach (or wet breach): Excavation of a channel through anembankment dam to lower the reservoir to a safe level in the event of an emergencyat the dam.Controlled compaction: See Compaction, controlled.Controlled low-strength material (CLSM): A self-compacting, cementitiousmaterial typically used as a replacement for compacted backfill around a conduit.Core (FEMA, 2004): A zone of low permeability material in an embankment dam. The core is sometimes referred to as central core, inclined core, puddle clay core,rolled clay core, or impervious zone.Corrosion (ACI, 2000): Disintegration or deterioration of a material by electrolysisor chemical attack.Corrugated metal pipe (CMP): See Pipe, corrugated metal. Crack: A narrow discontinuity.395
Page 1:
Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
Page 5 and 6:
PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
Page 7 and 8:
Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
Page 9:
PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
Page 16:
Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
Page 19 and 20:
Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
Page 21 and 22:
Contents81 On first filling, a high
Page 23 and 24:
Contents117 This conduit was severe
Page 25 and 26:
Contents158 An example of a histori
Page 27 and 28:
ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
Page 29 and 30:
ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
Page 31 and 32:
ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
Page 33 and 34:
ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
Page 35 and 36:
Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
Page 37 and 38:
ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
Page 39 and 40:
IntroductionConduits convey water f
Page 41 and 42:
IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
Page 43 and 44:
Introductionunstable. When seepage
Page 45 and 46:
IntroductionAn embankment dam with
Page 47 and 48:
A vortex may form at the location w
Page 49 and 50:
IntroductionWater from the reservoi
Page 51 and 52:
IntroductionFlowing water from the
Page 53 and 54:
IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
Page 55 and 56:
Introductionbe observable at the su
Page 57 and 58:
IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
Page 59 and 60:
Introductionwhere conduits were ass
Page 61 and 62:
Introduction• Conduits within lev
Page 63 and 64:
IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
Page 65 and 66:
Introductionmore recent practiced h
Page 67 and 68:
IntroductionThe “best practices
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
Page 75 and 76:
Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
Page 79 and 80:
Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
Page 97 and 98:
Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
Page 115 and 116:
Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
Page 171 and 172:
Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
Page 173 and 174:
Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
Page 183 and 184:
Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
Page 187 and 188:
Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
Page 233 and 234:
Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
Page 285 and 286:
Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
Page 301 and 302:
Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
Page 329 and 330:
Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
Page 371 and 372:
Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382: Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
Page 383 and 384: Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
Page 385 and 386: Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
Page 437 and 438: GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
Page 439 and 440: GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
Page 443 and 444: GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
Page 447 and 448: GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
Page 451 and 452: GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
Page 453 and 454: GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
Page 481 and 482: Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
Page 483 and 484:
Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
Page 485 and 486:
Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
Page 487 and 488:
Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
Page 489 and 490:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
Page 497 and 498:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
Page 507 and 508:
Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
Page 559 and 560:
Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
Page 605 and 606:
Page 607 and 608:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
Page 609 and 610:
Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
Page 611 and 612:
Page 613 and 614:
Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
show all

Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?