Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsCase Histories Grouped by Similar TopicDam Location Topic PageFailures and near failures of embankment damsAnita Dam Montana Failure of an embankment dam byinternal erosion along the outside of theoutlet works conduit1Lawn Lake Colorado Failure of an embankment dam by a 54Damcombination of internal erosion andbackward erosion piping caused bypressurized leakage from the outlet worksconduitLoveton Maryland Failure of an embankment dam by 60Farms Daminternal erosion along the spillwayconduitMedford Maryland Failure of an embankment dam due to 67Quarryinternal erosion along the conduitWash WaterLake DamPiketberg South Africa Failure of an embankment dam by 81Daminternal erosion resulting from hydraulicfracture of earthfill adjacent to the outletconduitUpper Red Oklahoma Failure of an embankment dam by 105Rock Site 20internal erosion resulting from hydraulicDamfracture of earthfill adjacent to the floodcontrol conduitWister Dam Oklahoma Near failure of an embankment dam due 117to internal erosionDesign- and construction-related problemsArkabutla Mississippi Construction error leads to defective 12Damjoints in an outlet works conduitBohemia Maryland Undermining and failure of a new 26Mill Damspillway conduit constructed on pilesB-iv
Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Location Topic PageHernandezDamCalifornia Conduit constructed over a cutoff trench 45LittleChippewaCreek DamOhioSeparation of spillway conduit joints dueto foundation movement57OlufsonDamWashington Outlet works conduit failure 69Sardis Dam Mississippi A sinkhole developed over an outletworks conduit due to material beingeroded through a joint98Inspection and evaluationAnnapolisMall DamBeltzvilleDamDalewoodShores DamPastureCanyonDamSalmonLake DamBalmanReservoirDamCrossgateDamEmpireDamSugar MillDamMarylandForensic investigation of a spillwayconduit failurePennsylvania Conduit crack survey 22MississippiArizonaWashingtonColoradoNorthCarolinaColoradoMan-entry inspection of a deterioratedcorrugated metal outlet works conduitClosed circuit television inspection of anoutlet works conduitMan-entry and underwater inspections ofan outlet works conduitAlternative reservoir evacuationReservoir evacuation by pumping andcontrolled breaching techniquesProblems encountered during theconstruction of a new siphon spillwayReservoir evacuation using controlledbreaching techniquesGeorgia Siphon spillway failure 1015397794183741B-v
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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