Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Common AbbreviationsAAR, alkali-aggregate reactionAASHTO, American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsACI, American Concrete InstituteADCI, Association of Diving Contractors InternationalAISI, American Iron and Steel InstituteASCE, American Society of Civil EngineersASDSO, Association of State Dam Safety OfficialsASTM, ASTM InternationalATV, all-terrain vehicleAWS, American Welding SocietyAWWA, American Water Works AssociationBIA, Bureau of Indian AffairsCAT, computerized axial tomographyCCTV, closed circuit televisionCD-ROM, compact disc—read-only memoryCFR, comprehensive facility reviewCIPP, cured-in-place pipeCMP, corrugated metal pipeCPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitationCPS, cathodic protection systemCSP, corrugated steel pipeDH, drill holeDOS, disc operating systemDVD, digital versatile discEAP, Emergency Action PlanFEMA, Federal Emergency Management AgencyFERC, Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionFFP, Fold-and-Formed PipeFHWA, Federal Highway AdministrationFLAC, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of ContinuaGPR, ground penetrating radarGPS, global positioning systemHDD, horizontal directional drillingHDPE, high density polyethyleneICODS, Interagency Committee on Dam SafetyICOLD, International Commission on Large DamsIRCI, International Concrete Repair InstituteJHA, job hazard analysisLL, liquid limitLMG, limited mobility groutLOTO, lockout tag-outxxx
ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis of surface wavesMCE, maximum credible earthquakeMRI, magnetic resonance imagingNDL, no decompression limitNDSRB, National Dam Safety Review BoardNDT, nondestructive testingNPSHA, net positive suction head availableNPSHR, net positive suction head requiredNRCS, Natural Resources Conservation ServiceO&M, operation and maintenanceOSHA, Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationPCCP, prestressed concrete cylinder pipeP.E., professional engineerPE, polyethylenePDF, portable document formatPFR, Periodic Facility ReviewPI, plasticity indexPPI, Plastic Pipe InstitutePVC, polyvinyl chlorideRCCP, reinforced concrete cylinder pipeRCP, reinforced concrete pipeReclamation, Bureau of ReclamationROF, report of findingsROV, remotely operated vehicleSASW, Spectral Analysis of Surface WavesSCS, Soil Conservation ServiceSD, strength designSDR, standardized dimension ratioSNTC, South National Technical CenterSP, self potentialTADS, Training Aids for Dam SafetyUNEP, United Nations Environment ProgrammeUSACE, U.S. Army Corps of EngineersUSDA, United States Department of AgricultureUV, ultravioletVHS, Video Home SystemWSD, working stress designxxxi
Page 1: Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
Page 5 and 6: PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
Page 7 and 8: Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
Page 9: PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
Page 16: Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
Page 19 and 20: Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
Page 21 and 22: Contents81 On first filling, a high
Page 23 and 24: Contents117 This conduit was severe
Page 25 and 26: Contents158 An example of a histori
Page 27 and 28: ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
Page 29 and 30: ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
Page 31: ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
Page 35 and 36: Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
Page 37 and 38: ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
Page 39 and 40: IntroductionConduits convey water f
Page 41 and 42: IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
Page 43 and 44: Introductionunstable. When seepage
Page 45 and 46: IntroductionAn embankment dam with
Page 47 and 48: A vortex may form at the location w
Page 49 and 50: IntroductionWater from the reservoi
Page 51 and 52: IntroductionFlowing water from the
Page 53 and 54: IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
Page 55 and 56: Introductionbe observable at the su
Page 57 and 58: IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
Page 59 and 60: Introductionwhere conduits were ass
Page 61 and 62: Introduction• Conduits within lev
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
Page 65 and 66: Introductionmore recent practiced h
Page 67 and 68: IntroductionThe “best practices
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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