Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsFell, Robin, Chi Fai Wan, John Cyganiewicz, and Mark Foster, The Time forDevelopment and Detectability of Internal Erosion and Piping in Embankment Dams and TheirFoundations, FEMA/ICODS Technical Seminar Number 9, 2002.Fiedler, William R., Drains for Dams and Associated Structures, ASDSO Conference,2002.France, John, Seepage Collection and Control Systems: The Devil in the Details, ASDSOConference, 2004.Gifford, Douglas G., Richard Wakeman, Bill Blodgett, and Heather B. Scranton,Emergency Response and Repair Prevents Dam Break, ASDSO Conference, 2004.Gould, James P., and Hugh S. Lacy, “Seepage Control in Dam Rehabilitation,”Proceedings of Symposium on Geotechnical Practice in Dam Rehabilitation, ASCEGeotechnical Special Publication No. 35, 1993, pp. 240-255.Hall, Richard B., Quail Creek Dike Failure, 1989, ASDSO Conference, 1989.Hall, Kenneth M., Closure of Conduits through Earthen Dams, ASDSO Conference, 2002.Hammer, Greg, If It Ain't Broke . . . Or Is It?, ASDSO Conference, 2002.Hanson, Greg, Nathan Snorteland, Darrel Temple, and Bill Irwin, Report on WorkshopRelated to Embankment Dam Failure Analyses, ASDSO Conference, 2002.Harris, Stan A., Shawnee State Forest Dam Improvements Project, ASDSO Conference,2000.Hirschfeld, Ronald C., History of Dams—Focus on Piping, ASDSO Conference, 1994.Hodges, Marcus, and Blair Wacha, Hidden Piping at Willow Creek Dam, Clark, Colorado,ASDSO Conference, 1997.Irwin, Bill, Ischua Creek Site 4 and Pecos Arroyo #1, FEMA/ICODS Technical SeminarNumber 6, 1999.Jackson, Garrett O., and John W. France, Construction of Brush Hollow DamRehabilitation and Repair of Crushed Steel Outlet Pipe, ASDSO Conference, 1997.Johnson, Jim, Steffen Robertson, and Jim Norfleet, History and Repair of GurleyReservoir Dam, Colorado, ASDSO Conference, 1989.380
Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, Joe Green-Heffern, Roger Lindquist, Don Deere, Improving an UrbanDam for a Second Century of Service, ASDSO Conference, 2003.Keeling, Johnathan D., John S. Montgomery, Robert A. Amato, and Billy P. Hartsell,A Classic Case Study in the Investigation and Rehabilitation of a High Hazard Earth Dam,ASDSO Conference, 2000.Kenney T. C., and D. Lau, “Internal Stability of Granular Filters,” (with discussionsin 1986), Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 22, 1985.Kline, Robert A, Jr., Innovations in Outlet Works Repairs, ASDSO Conference, 1992.Koelliker, James K., Albert N. Lin, and Cecil H. Best, Evaluation of the Condition ofPrincipal Spillway Conduits, ASDSO Conference, 1989.Kubinsky, Joseph, Corps Inspection Practices and Their Effectiveness, FEMA/ICODSTechnical Seminar Number 6, 1999.Kula, Joseph R., White Paper on Potential Seepage Problems and Solutions Associated withPenetrations Through Embankment Dams, ASDSO/FEMA Seepage Workshop, 2000.Lake, Donald W., Rehabilitation of Embankment Conduits, ASDSO Conference, 1987.Lawton, Gil M., Michael Forrest, David Hughes, Theodore Feldsher, and MarkBarkau, Design and Construction Considerations of Rehabilitation Measures for Small toMedium Sized Embankment Dams, ASDSO Conference, 2000.Lemieux, Michele, and Lawrence Siroky, Use of Plastic Pipe in Dams: Variations inDesign and Regulatory Experience, ASDSO Conference, 2001.Lenart, David M., Fitzgerald Lake Dam Rehabilitation—A Construction and ConservationSuccess Story, ASDSO Conference, 1999.Lombardi, Tina, Siphon—An Economic Lake Drain Option, ASDSO Newsletter, Vol.11, No. 2, March 1996, pp.13-15.Lozier, Theodore, Mark B. Ogden, and Jerry C. Reed, Incident at Adams Lake,ASDSO Conference, 1993.Ludlow, Scott J., and Mark J. Howell, Imaging the Anatomy of Earthen Dams UsingGround Penetrating Radar, ASDSO Conference, 2002.Martin, Ray, Seepage Control along Conduits Penetrating Embankment Dams, ASDSOConference, 1990.381
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Page 367 and 368: Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
Page 369 and 370: Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Page 383 and 384: Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 441 and 442: GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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Page 445 and 446: GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
Page 447 and 448: GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
Page 449 and 450: GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
Page 451 and 452: GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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