Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsFigure B-76.—Upstream end of the HDPEslipliner modified to act as a pulling head.Lessons learnedFigure B-75.—HDPE slipliner beinginstalled at Turtle (Twin) Lake Dam.Note the HDPE grout lines welded ontotop of new liner. The end flange wasused to attach the two different sizedliners together.Sliplining provides a low cost and lessdisruptive alternative to the conventionalremove and replacement renovationmethod.ReferenceCooper, Chuck, Ernest Hall, and Walt Heyder, Case Histories Using High DensityPolyethylene Pipe for Slip-Lining Existing Outlet Works and Spillways, October 2001.B-104
Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject name: Upper Red Rock Site 20 DamLocation: OklahomaSummary: Failure of an embankment dam by internal erosion resulting fromhydraulic fracture of earthfill adjacent to the flood control conduitUpper Red Rock Site 20 Dam was a low hazard earthfill embankment structureconstructed by the NRCS for flood control in 1973. The embankment height wasabout 31 feet and it contained about 61,000 cubic yards of earthfill. The principalspillway conduit is a 36-inch diameter reinforced concrete pipe. The embankmentdam was constructed in an area of Oklahoma now known to have a highconcentration of dispersive clays. The embankment soils classify as CL in theUnified System with an LL of about 35 and a PI of about 15. The dispersive claysare produced from weathering of Permian or Pennsylvanian age shales of marineorigin. The sodium rich parent material produce dispersive clays that are highlyerodible.The embankment dam failed in 1986 by internal erosion when the reservoir filledsuddenly to a reservoir elevation higher than the reservoir had previously everimpounded water. At the time of the failure, the reservoir was about 1.6 feet belowthe top of the crest of the embankment dam. The embankment dam hadimpounded water continuously at a lower reservoir elevation for most of its history,until the rainfall event that filled the reservoir to this unprecedented higher elevation.Most often, failures similar to this one occur when the reservoir fills suddenly soonafter completion of the embankment dam. This failure occurred however when a“second first filling” type of event occurred. The site had previously filled to a poollevel corresponding to about one-third of the embankment dam height (the dam is aflood control single purpose reservoir), and maintained that pool for most of the13 years of its life. A large rainfall event caused water to rapidly fill the reservoir andwater flowed through the auxiliary spillway, but not over the crest of theembankment dam in 1986. Cracks in the earthfill in the upper part of theembankment dam allowed water to find a pathway through unsaturated dispersiveclay fill used to construct the embankment dam. The crack(s) in the embankmentdam quickly eroded and a breaching type failure of the dam resulted. The cracks inthe embankment dam were thought to be a result of a combination of hydraulicfracture and desiccation. The failure tunnel was located about 40 feet to the side ofthe conduit that penetrated the embankment dam, in the area of the old streamchannel.B-105
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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