Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsProject name: Lake Darling DamLocation: North DakotaSummary: Grouting voids existing outside an outlet works conduitLake Darling Dam is a zoned embankment dam built in 1935 on the Upper SourisRiver for the purpose of providing water supply for fish and wildlife habitat andproduction. The embankment dam has a structural height of about 40 feet, ahydraulic height of about 32 feet. The embankment dam holds 112,000 acre-feet ofwater at the maximum normal water surface elevation. The catchment basin abovethe embankment dam is over 9,000 square miles. The original outlet works consistedof twin (side-by-side) 10-foot by 14-foot cast-in-place, reinforced concrete conduitsplaced on alluvial foundation soils in the central embankment area. Two antiseepcollars were constructed around the exterior of the conduits at locations that roughlyalign with the upstream and downstream edges of the embankment dam crest.Figure B-43 shows the outlet works discharge at the downstream embankment toe.The discharge from the outlet filled a tailwater pool used for fish and wildlifepurposes. A small control structure on the downstream end of the tailwater poolprovided limited water surface elevation control capabilities. A cross section with aprofile of the outlet works and design cross section of the embankment dam isshown on figure B-44. Roller gates controlling releases from the reservoir arelocated immediately downstream of the intake structure near the upstream toe of theB-50Figure B-43.— Lake Darling Dam outlet works discharge, circa 1990.
Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B-44.—A cross section with a profile of the outletworks and design cross section of Lake Darling Dam.embankment dam. The original design and construction did not include any controljoints with waterstops in the conduits. The alluvial foundation materials beneath theconduits consist of up to 80 feet of sands, silts, and clays, some of which havemoderate compressibility.The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service undertook a comprehensive safety assessment ofLake Darling Dam beginning in about 1988. The comprehensive safety assessmentincluded borehole investigations and instrumentation of the embankment andfoundation at representative locations, including the area around the existing outletworks conduit. During the investigations in the vicinity of the outlet conduit, a largeamount of grout being used to backfill an instrumented boring at the downstreamedge of the embankment dam crest was lost into an internal erosion or backwarderosion feature. The grout loss occurred at the estimated contact between theembankment and foundation materials (see figure B-44) at the top of a bentonite sealinstalled at the top of the foundation piezometer influence zone.B-51
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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