Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsProject name: Ridgway DamLocation: ColoradoSummary: Grouting of cracks in an existing outlet works conduitRidgway Dam is a zoned earthfill embankment across the Uncompahgre River inOuray County near Montrose, Colorado. The embankment dam has a maximumheight of 335 feet above the streambed, and a crest length of approximately2,460 feet. The river outlet works is located near the right abutment of theembankment dam and crosses the dam axis at station 11+69.07. Most of the outletworks was constructed under a Stage I contract during 1980 and 1981. Thecompleted outlet works consists of a 50-foot long, 9-foot diameter diversion conduit,a drop inlet intake structure with a concrete plug, a 500-foot long, 9-foot diameterupstream conduit, a gate chamber with a 5- by 6-foot high pressure guard gate,64-inch square regulating gates, a control house and equipment, and hydraulic jumpstilling basin. The spillway consists of a gloryhole intake exiting into a 6.5-footdiameter conduit located on a shelf on the left abutment of the dam. The conduitexits into an open chute and then into a Type II hydraulic jump stilling basin. FigureB-65 shows an aerial view of Ridgway Dam.B-84Figure B-65.—Aerial view of Ridgway Dam, Colorado.
Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B-66.—View of the interior of the outlet works after grouting.Settlement and crack surveys were taken, in the upstream and downstream conduits,in January of 1986 and October of 1986. The maximum settlement recorded inJanuary of 1986 was about 0.74 feet at station 11+24 in the downstream conduit.For reference, the station at the centerline of the gate chamber is located justdownstream of the centerline of the embankment dam, station 7+50. In October of1986, an additional settlement of about 0.22 feet was recorded at station 11+24.Settlements of other points in the conduit varied, seemingly based on the stiffness ofthe foundation. Maximum transverse cracking occurred in the upstream conduit atstation 7+80 and station 8+80. The downstream conduit had very little transversecracking, but a maximum joint opening of about ½ inch occurred at station 10+73.Longitudinal cracking occurred in the crown and invert between stations 6+50 and7+65 and between stations 11+74 and 14+35 in the upstream and downstreamconduits, respectively. The settlement and cracking occurred during or afterconstructing the dam embankment to elevation 6830 in the 1985 construction seasonand topping out of the dam in 1986 at elevation 6886.The settlement and cracking of concrete in the upstream conduit was addressed byrequired injecting grout in and around the cracks to reduce water leakage andpotential backward erosion piping or internal erosion of surrounding soils in theembankment dam, along with protecting the conduit reinforcement from corrosion.Polyurethane resin was used to grout the transverse cracks. Also, the polyurethaneresin grout was considered (due to its more flexible characteristics over more rigidepoxy material) for grouting the longitudinal cracks. However, longitudinal crackswere grouted with epoxy material to provide a degree of structural stability.Approximately 500 feet of cracks were designated for grouting. The contractorB-85
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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