Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsInversion (ASTM F 1743, 1996): The process of turning the calibration hose insideout by the use of water pressure or air pressure.Invert: The bottom or lowest point of the internal surface of the transverse crosssection of a conduit.Job Hazard Analysis (JHA): A procedure which helps integrate accepted safetyand health principles and practices into a particular operation.Joint (ASTM F 412, 2001): The location at which two sections of conduit or pipeare connected together.Construction (ACI, 2000): The surface where two successive placements ofconcrete meet, across which it is desirable to develop and maintain bondbetween the two concrete placements, and through which any reinforcementthat may be present is not interrupted.Contraction (ACI, 2000): Formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concretestructure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of crackingresulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure. Theconcrete surface is unbonded. No reinforcement extends across the joint.Smooth dowels may be provided to maintain proper alignment of monolithicunits.Control: Joints placed in concrete to provide for control of initial shrinkagestresses and cracks of monolithic units. The concrete surface is unbonded.Control joints are constructed as described for contraction joints, except thatreinforcement is always continuous across the joint. The reinforcementprevents the longitudinal forces from opening the joints.Expansion (ACI, 2000): A separation provided between adjoining parts of astructure to allow movement where expansion is likely to exceed contraction oran isolation joint intended to allow independent movement between adjoiningparts.Heat fused (fusion) (ASTM F 412, 2001): A joint using heat and pressureonly.Mechanical (ASTM F 412, 2001): A connection between piping componentsemploying physical force to develop a seal or produce alignment.Joint meter (ASCE, 2000): A device used to measure the movement of a joint inconcrete or any other material.406
GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncontrolled loss of water by flow through a hole orcrack.Linear coefficient of thermal expansion: The change in length with temperaturefor a solid material relative to its original length.Lining: A material applied to the inside surface of a conduit to provide a protectivecovering.Lubricant (ASTM F 412, 2001): A material used to reduce friction between twomating surfaces that are being joined by sliding contact.Maintenance: All routine and extraordinary work necessary to keep the facility ingood repair and reliable working order to fulfill the intended designed projectpurposes. This includes maintaining structures and equipment in the intendedoperating condition, and performing necessary equipment and minor structurerepairs.Man-entry: A conduit size large enough for personnel to access and perform therequired actions.Mastic: A permanently flexible waterproofing material used for sealing watervulnerablejoints.Maximum water surface: The highest acceptable water surface elevationconsidering all factors affecting the dam.Mechanical caliper: An instrument used for measuring the distance between twopoints.Mechanical joint: See Joint, mechanical.Method compaction: See Compaction, method.Microtunneling: A trenchless construction method that uses a tunnel boringmachine normally controlled from the surface. The method simultaneously installspipe as the spoil is excavated and removed.Modulus of soil reaction (E'): An empirical value used to express the stiffness ofthe embedment soil in predicting flexible pipe deflection.Moisture content: The water content in a soil.407
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Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
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PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
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Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
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PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
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Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
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Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
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Contents81 On first filling, a high
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Contents117 This conduit was severe
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Contents158 An example of a histori
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ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
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ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
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ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
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ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
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Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
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ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
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IntroductionConduits convey water f
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IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
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Introductionunstable. When seepage
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IntroductionAn embankment dam with
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A vortex may form at the location w
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IntroductionWater from the reservoi
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IntroductionFlowing water from the
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IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
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Introductionbe observable at the su
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IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
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Introductionwhere conduits were ass
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Introduction• Conduits within lev
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IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
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Introductionmore recent practiced h
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IntroductionThe “best practices
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Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
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Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
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Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
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Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
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Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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Page 401 and 402: ReferencesThe following references
Page 403 and 404: ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
Page 405 and 406: ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
Page 407 and 408: ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
Page 409 and 410: ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
Page 411 and 412: ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
Page 413 and 414: ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
Page 415 and 416: Additional ReadingThe following ref
Page 417 and 418: Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
Page 419 and 420: Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
Page 421 and 422: Additional ReadingNatural Resources
Page 423 and 424: Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
Page 425 and 426: Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
Page 427 and 428: GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
Page 429 and 430: Glossary• Backward erosion piping
Page 431 and 432: GlossaryCathodic protection system
Page 433 and 434: GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
Page 435 and 436: Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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Page 455 and 456: GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
Page 457 and 458: GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
Page 459 and 460: GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
Page 461 and 462: IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
Page 463 and 464: IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
Page 465 and 466: IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
Page 467 and 468: IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
Page 469 and 470: IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
Page 471 and 472: IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
Page 473 and 474: IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
Page 475 and 476: IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
Page 477 and 478: IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
Page 479 and 480: Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
Page 481 and 482: Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
Page 487 and 488: Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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