Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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ASTM StandardsASTMStandard TitleA 36 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA 53 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and SeamlessA 796 Standard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sanitary Sewers and Other BuriedApplicationsC 33 Standard Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 94 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed ConcreteC 150 Standard Specification for Portland CementC 361 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure PipeC 397 Standard Practice for Use of Chemically Setting Chemical-ResistantSilicate and Silica MortarsC 497 Standard Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC 822 Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC 939 Standard Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced-AggregateConcrete (Flow Cone Method)D 638 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD 653 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD 698 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of SoilUsing Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft 3 [600 kN-m/m 3 ])D 790 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced andReinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 883 Standard Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1556 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by theSand-Cone MethodD 2216 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2447 Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40and 80, Based on Outside DiameterD 2657 Standard Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and FittingsD 2922 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place byNuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)D 3017 Standard Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place byNuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)D 3035 Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (DR-PR) Basedon Controlled Outside DiameterD 3261 Standard Specification for Butt Heat Fusion Polyethylene (PE) PlasticFittings for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe and Tubingxxxiv
ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4647D 5813D 6572E 165F 412F 585F 714F 905F 1216F 1743Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings MaterialsStandard Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay Soil byDouble HydrometerStandard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight ofSoils Using a Vibratory TableStandard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight ofSoils and Calculation of Relative DensityStandard Test Method for Identification and Classification of DispersiveClay Soils by the Pinhole TestStandard Specification for Cured-In-Place Thermosetting Resin SewerPiping SystemsStandard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics ofClayey Soils by the Crumb TestStandard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationStandard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsStandard Practice for Insertion of Flexible Polyethylene Pipe Into ExistingSewersStandard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) Basedon Outside DiameterStandard Practice for Qualification of Polyethylene Saddle-Fused JointsStandard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and <strong>Conduits</strong> bythe Inversion and Curing of a Resin-Impregnated TubeStandard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and <strong>Conduits</strong> byPulled-in-Place Installation of Cured-in-Place Thermosetting Resin Pipe(CIPP)xxxv
Page 1: Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
Page 5 and 6: PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
Page 7 and 8: Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
Page 9: PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
Page 16: Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
Page 19 and 20: Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
Page 21 and 22: Contents81 On first filling, a high
Page 23 and 24: Contents117 This conduit was severe
Page 25 and 26: Contents158 An example of a histori
Page 27 and 28: ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
Page 29 and 30: ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
Page 31 and 32: ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wiste
Page 33 and 34: ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
Page 35: Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
Page 39 and 40: IntroductionConduits convey water f
Page 41 and 42: IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
Page 43 and 44: Introductionunstable. When seepage
Page 45 and 46: IntroductionAn embankment dam with
Page 47 and 48: A vortex may form at the location w
Page 49 and 50: IntroductionWater from the reservoi
Page 51 and 52: IntroductionFlowing water from the
Page 53 and 54: IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
Page 55 and 56: Introductionbe observable at the su
Page 57 and 58: IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
Page 59 and 60: Introductionwhere conduits were ass
Page 61 and 62: Introduction• Conduits within lev
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
Page 65 and 66: Introductionmore recent practiced h
Page 67 and 68: IntroductionThe “best practices
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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