Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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Conduits through Embankment DamsB-59 The camera-crawler encountered fine sandy materials that appeared tobe entering the conduit through a defect in the sidewall. This view islooking upstream at the right side wall. The conduit had not beenoperated since the fall of 2003. These materials had collected withinthe conduit over the last 7 months ..............................B-78B-60 Just into the masonry conduit an open defect (crack), shown in the lower part of the figure, exists in the crown of the conduit. Thisdefect allowed sandy materials to enter the conduit ................. B-78B-61 Siphon constructed over to crest of the embankment dam for discharging irrigation releases ..................................B-79B-62 Grout mix being conveyed directly into the grout mixer from the transit mixer truck ...........................................B-79B-63 Cross section of the dam as designed ............................B-81B-64 Cross section through the outlet conduit showing pipe, encasement and erosion tunnel ...........................................B-83B-65 Aerial view of Ridgway Dam, Colorado ..........................B-84B-66 View of the interior of the outlet works after grouting .............. B-85B-67 When the 35-year old corrugated metal pipe riser collapsed, a large portion of the low hazard embankment dam was washed away. Thisleft a void about 30 feet in diameter and 10 feet deep around theoriginal riser ................................................B-87B-68 Heat fusion of an HDPE pipe joint .............................B-89B-69 Inserting the HDPE slipliner into the existing CMP conduit ......... B-90B-70 An open joint was discovered in a 16-inch PVC temporary diversion pipe under the 118-foot high embankment dam ...................B-92B-71 A portion of the temporary PVC diversion pipe was found to be severely deformed............................................ B-92B-72 Seepage entering the downstream conduit ........................B-95B-73 The diver used a knife to probe cracks in the concrete. Divers prefer knives with blunt ends in underwater inspection, since it is less likelythat a hole could accidently be poked into their dry suits ............ B-97B-74 A sinkhole occurred above the monolith joint at the junction of the intake tower and the upstream end of the transition section .......... B-99B-75 HDPE slipliner being installed at Turtle (Twin) Lake Dam. Note the HDPE grout lines welded onto top of new liner. The end flange wasused to attach the two different sized liners together ............... B-104B-76 Upstream end of the HDPE slipliner modified to act as a pulling head ...................................................... B-104B-77 Aerial view showing the failure of Upper Red Rock Site 20 Dam ..... B-106B-78 Cross section showing filter zone and conduit ....................B-110B-79 Filter material being placed in thin lifts and compacted with hand-operated vibratory compaction equipment .......................B-110B-80 Lowering of the CIPP liner into the stilling basin, so it can be winched up the tunnel............................................... B-116xxviii
ContentsB-81 Cross section of Wister Dam showing probable path for internalerosion through embankment. The length of the flow path was about740 feet, and the head on the entrance tunnels was less than 15 feet . . B-118B-82 Plan View of Wister Dam showing flow path for internal erosion tunnels in fill ...............................................B-119B-83 Cross section A-A from figure B-82. Profile along centerline ofembankment viewed upstream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................B-119xxix
Page 1: Technical Manual:Conduits throughEm
Page 5 and 6: PrefaceTens of thousands of conduit
Page 7 and 8: Prefacecondition. The hazard classi
Page 9: PrefaceLakeLine MagazineMaryland Da
Page 16: Conduits through Embankment Dams11.
Page 19 and 20: Contents23 Precast concrete pipe be
Page 21 and 22: Contents81 On first filling, a high
Page 23 and 24: Contents117 This conduit was severe
Page 25 and 26: Contents158 An example of a histori
Page 27 and 28: ContentsFigures in the AppendicesNo
Page 29: ContentsB-33 Aerial view of Como Da
Page 33 and 34: ContentsMASW, multichannel analysis
Page 35 and 36: Symbolsc, cohesionE', modulus of so
Page 37 and 38: ContentsD 3350D 4221D 4253D 4254D 4
Page 39 and 40: IntroductionConduits convey water f
Page 41 and 42: IntroductionFigure 3.—A 15-inch d
Page 43 and 44: Introductionunstable. When seepage
Page 45 and 46: IntroductionAn embankment dam with
Page 47 and 48: A vortex may form at the location w
Page 49 and 50: IntroductionWater from the reservoi
Page 51 and 52: IntroductionFlowing water from the
Page 53 and 54: IntroductionThe process of dislodgi
Page 55 and 56: Introductionbe observable at the su
Page 57 and 58: IntroductionFigure 11.—Example of
Page 59 and 60: Introductionwhere conduits were ass
Page 61 and 62: Introduction• Conduits within lev
Page 63 and 64: IntroductionFigure 12.—An example
Page 65 and 66: Introductionmore recent practiced h
Page 67 and 68: IntroductionThe “best practices
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 1GeneralConduits have been
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 14.—Ant
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 1—GeneralFigure 17.—Fai
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 1—Generalmeans the condui
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 1—Generalfacilitate futur
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 2Conduit MaterialsVarious m
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsFigure
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials• Co
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Chapter 2—Conduit MaterialsSteel
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Chapter 2—Conduit Materials2.3.2
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Chapter 3Hydraulic Design of Condui
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Chapter 3—Hydraulic Design of Con
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Chapter 4Structural Design of Condu
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Chapter 4—Structural Design of Co
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Chapter 5Foundation and Embankment
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Chapter 5—Foundation and Embankme
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Chapter 6Filter ZonesZones of desig
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesseepage or
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesFigure 87.
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones3. Upstream
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesbedrock sur
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Chapter 6—Filter Zoneszones, and
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonesfiltering t
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Chapter 6—Filter Zonessoil. This
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones6.8 Specifi
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Chapter 6—Filter ZonesVarious deg
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Chapter 6—Filter Zones• For pre
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Chapter 7Potential Failure Modes As
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Chapter 7—Potential Failure Modes
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Chapter 8Potential Defects Associat
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Chapter 8—Potential Defects Assoc
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Chapter 9Inspection and Assessment
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Chapter 9—Inspection and Assessme
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Chapter 10Evaluation by Geophysical
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Chapter 10—Evaluation by Geophysi
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Chapter 11Appropriate Emergency Act
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Chapter 11—Appropriate Emergency
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Table 11.2.—Potential problems an
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Chapter 12Renovation of ConduitsThe
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Chapter 12—Renovation of Conduits
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Chapter 13Replacement of ConduitsGe
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Chapter 13—Replacement of Conduit
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Chapter 14Repair and Abandonment of
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Chapter 14—Repair and Abandonment
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ReferencesThe following references
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ReferencesBureau of Reclamation, De
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ReferencesCooper, Chuck, E. Wesley
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ReferencesJacobsen, S., “Buckling
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ReferencesNatural Resources Conserv
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ReferencesU.S. Army Corps of Engine
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ReferencesWooten, R. Lee, Peter S.
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Additional ReadingThe following ref
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Additional ReadingCarter, Brent H.,
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Additional ReadingJohnson, Brian, J
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Additional ReadingNatural Resources
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Additional ReadingU.S. Army Corps o
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Additional ReadingVan Aller, Hal, R
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GlossaryThe terms defined in this g
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Glossary• Backward erosion piping
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GlossaryCathodic protection system
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GlossaryConsequences (FEMA, 2004):
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Glossarymalfunction or abnormality
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GlossaryDrawdown (FEMA, 2004): The
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GlossaryFailure mode (FEMA, 2004):
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GlossaryGate chamber: An outlet wor
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GlossaryImpervious: Not permeable;
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GlossaryLeakage (FEMA, 2004): Uncon
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GlossaryOpen cut: An excavation thr
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GlossaryPolyvinyl chloride (PVC): A
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GlossaryResistivity: A measure of t
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GlossarySettlement (FEMA, 2004): Th
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GlossaryStandard Proctor compaction
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GlossaryThermoset (ASTM F 412, 2001
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GlossaryReferencesAmerican Concrete
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IndexAAbandonment of conduits, 225,
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IndexCompaction of backfill, 6, 10,
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IndexDDamembankment, 113-130, 333-3
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IndexExisting conduit, 23, 31, 45-5
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IndexHydraulic fracture, 4-11, 17,
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IndexMechanical caliper, 246Metal c
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IndexPressure flow, see Conduit, pr
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IndexSliplining, 39, 45-47, 51, 164
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IndexUUltrasonic pulse-echo, 245, 2
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Appendix AHistory of Antiseep Colla
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Appendix A—History of Antiseep Co
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Appendix BCase HistoriesIndexDam Lo
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesDam Loca
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesProject
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesFigure B
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Appendix B—Case Historiesproject,
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Appendix B—Case Historieswatersto
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesLessons
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe cond
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Appendix B—Case Historiesroadway.
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Appendix B—Case Historiesentire c
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Appendix B—Case Historieshauled i
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Appendix B—Case Historiescoal tar
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Appendix B—Case Historieshistory
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Appendix B—Case Historiesarea, a
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Appendix B—Case Historiespipe. Du
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Appendix B—Case Historiesinvert o
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Appendix B—Case Historiesdownstre
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe caus
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Appendix B—Case Historiesof sever
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesThe down
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Appendix B—Case Historieshose and
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Appendix B—Case HistoriesADownstr
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Technical Manual: Conduits through Embankment Dams (FEMA 484)

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