From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS I RULE, THEREFORE I AMto achieve legitimacy, either at home or in the eyes of the internationalcommunity. Widespread awareness of rights means thateconomic growth alone, while necessary, will not guaranteelegitimacy, much less bring about the deep transformations thatconstitute real development.THE POLITICS OF EFFECTIVE STATESStates reflect the history and nature of the society in question. One ofthe hallmarks of effective states is that they possess economic andpolitical elites willing to participate in building the nation by investingin people, infrastructure, and production. Such elites are sometimescorrupt but confine themselves to skimming off a percentage, awarethat to be sustainable, even corruption requires a flourishing economy.135 By contrast, building effective states becomes extraordinarilydifficult when elites are dominated by get-rich-quick politicians andbusiness leaders, or by those unwilling to risk investing at home andwho instead park their wealth abroad. This so-called ‘national bourgeoisiequestion’ bedevils much of Latin America and Africa.The glue that binds powerful elites into a national project can stemfrom history, fear, culture, ideology, leadership, or national pride.In East Asia, war, occupation, and defeat gave rise to nationalism inJapan and communism in China, while the uprooting of existingelites and the persistence of an external threat were important in SouthKorea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Cultural traditions of paternalismand commitment to education undoubtedly helped, although theirimportance is often exaggerated. Culture is an endlessly malleableconcept: prior to South Korea’s take-off, Confucianism’s respect forauthority and hierarchy was held up as one explanation for its failureto develop. And effective states have arisen in many cultures: ‘African’or ‘Latin American’ values cannot explain why Botswana or Uruguaywere able to build effective states while others around them did not.Successful states manage a difficult balancing act. They must keepat arm’s length groups seeking to ‘capture’ the state for their ownshort-term gain, yet must remain deeply integrated into society inorder to understand the needs and possibilities of the economy. This95
FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded autonomy’ 136 requires a skilled civil service, based onmeritocratic appointments and able to experiment and learn from itsmistakes as it seeks to build the institutions – economic, social, orpolitical – needed for development.Where would-be developmental states have failed, it is oftenbecause such autonomy could not be maintained. In Latin America,many of the businesses that initially flourished behind tariff barriersfailed to invest and increase productivity, but proved adept at lobbyinggovernments for subsidies and continued protection. Latin Americangovernments turned out to be ineffectual at picking winners, but thelosers proved masters at picking governments.States need legitimacy in the eyes of most citizens, who accept thestate’s right to rule in exchange for their ability to seek protection andclaim rights. In this, states often resemble banks, which cocoon themselvesin pompous buildings and rituals to create an illusion of solidityand to win public confidence, since without that they are remarkablyfragile. In the political equivalent of a run on a bank, the astonishingcollapse of communist states in Eastern Europe in the early 1990sshows what happens when such legitimacy is lost. In order to manageconflicts within society peacefully, states also need the active supportof the most powerful citizens, such as business, ethnic, and religiousleaders, or of regional power brokers.Legitimacy is based on an underlying ‘social contract’ betweenstate and citizen – a deal, whether explicit or not, that buildsconfidence and trust between citizens, businesses, and the state byestablishing the rights and responsibilities of each. The state’s responsibilityto protect gives it the right to conscript or to impose martial law.Its responsibility for public welfare gives it the right to raise taxes. Itsresponsibility for justice bestows the right to arrest and imprison.Even non-democratic regimes need to achieve a degree oflegitimacy to survive over time. In Indonesia, the Suharto regime(1967–98) achieved significant legitimacy for many years, despite itsmilitary origins and authoritarian character, by ensuring the basicdelivery of education and health services and paying attention to ruraldevelopment.96
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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Page 71 and 72: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 73 and 74: FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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Page 77 and 78: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
Page 79 and 80: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
Page 81 and 82: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
Page 83 and 84: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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Page 87 and 88: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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Page 95 and 96: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
Page 97 and 98: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
Page 99 and 100: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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Page 103 and 104: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
Page 105 and 106: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
Page 107 and 108: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
Page 109 and 110: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
Page 111: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
Page 115 and 116: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
Page 117 and 118: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
Page 119 and 120: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
Page 121 and 122: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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Page 125 and 126: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
Page 127 and 128: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
Page 129 and 130: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
Page 131 and 132: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
Page 133 and 134: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
Page 135 and 136: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
Page 137 and 138: FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
Page 139 and 140: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
Page 141 and 142: FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
Page 143 and 144: FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
Page 145 and 146: FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
Page 147 and 148: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
Page 149 and 150: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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Page 153 and 154: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
Page 155 and 156: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
Page 157 and 158: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
Page 159 and 160: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
Page 161 and 162: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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