From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CLIMATE CHANGEapproaches, such as regulation, subsidy, and taxation, must be includedif the global response is to match up to the urgency of the challenge.Regardless of the instruments employed, the global mitigationeffort will require big changes in the way that high-consumptionsocieties live, and in the distribution of finance and technology acrossthe globe. Just as with adaptation, successful mitigation will requirethe transfer of clean energy technologies and finance to tailor anddeploy these in developing-country contexts on a massive scale. Aninnovation fund for clean development to finance an environmentalequivalent of national poverty reduction strategies would be essentialto allow developing-countries to curb their emissions while alsoaddressing poverty and inequality.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showswhat good global governance can achieve. Set up in 1988 by the UN’sWorld Meteorological Organisation and the UN EnvironmentProgramme, the IPCC has since released four comprehensive assessmentsof the available scientific, technical, and socio-economicknowledge relevant to climate change, in 1990, 1995, 2001, and 2007.Policy makers refer to these reports as the definitive word on the stateof climate-related science.The impressive authority and influence of the IPCC stem from thebody’s carefully conceived procedures and governance structure.Critically, the IPCC does not carry out any new scientific researchitself; its reports are nothing but expert reviews of all of the published,peer-reviewed scientific findings available. It is expressly barred frommaking policy recommendations on the basis of its reviews – conclusionsmust be ‘policy-relevant, not policy-prescriptive’.Most importantly, as an intergovernmental body, the IPCC’sconclusions must be agreed by all member governments beforepublication. This means that the IPCC’s findings reflect not only theconsidered judgement and interpretation of around 1,000 scientists,but also a consensus of governments around the world. 235 It alsomeans that its findings tend to be presented in the most conservativepossible form, since governments that maintain an active interestin muzzling inconvenient scientific findings have some sway overdecision-making.417
FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variously of ‘scientific activism’ or of being overly beholdento powerful government interests, the IPCC has worked relentlessly toconsolidate, update, and communicate knowledge about humaninducedclimate change, in spite of intense political pressures. Theseefforts earned the IPCC the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize (shared with formerUS Vice President turned climate campaigner, Al Gore).In contrast, an array of foot-draggers and deniers, ranging fromgenuine opponents to self-serving lobbyists, have put up a determinedopposition. The Global Climate Coalition (GCC), set up in 1989 bythe energy and automotive industries, opted for tactics employed bythe tobacco lobby – one of whose lobbyists had the private slogan‘doubt is our product’ – to, in the words of one leaked internal memo,‘reposition global warming as theory rather than fact’. Its most importantvictory was perhaps the US Senate’s 95-to-0 vote in 1997 to oppose USparticipation in any agreement (i.e. the Kyoto Protocol) that imposedmandatory greenhouse gas reductions on the USA.The GCC ran a $13m advertising campaign against Kyoto (‘It’s notGlobal and it won’t work’), arguing it would damage competitivenessand unfairly let China and other developing countries ‘off the hook’. 236Eventually the accumulation of evidence led BP to resign from theGCC in 1996, to be followed by Shell and Ford. In 2002, the coalitionclosed down, but its legacy is a public debate in the USA (the world’slargest emitter) that lags years behind that in Europe. Precious yearshave been wasted that increase both the urgency and difficulty ofresponding and the damage that is already under way. 237On the other side of the debate, environmental and, increasingly,development organisations have been joined by some unusual alliesfrom the private sector. Some business sectors with 30-year investmenthorizons, such as pension funds or oil companies, naturallythink along a longer timescale than the four-year electoral cycles of manypoliticians. The banking, insurance, and reinsurance industries meanwhilehave become alarmed at the spiralling costs of environmentaldisasters, or interested in the potential returns from climate-friendlyenergy sources, technologies, and production systems. Other longterminvestors fear another type of ‘climate risk’, namely the risk thatoil companies and others responsible for climate change could laythemselves open to future litigation, along similar lines to the418
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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Page 387 and 388: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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Page 395 and 396: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
Page 397 and 398: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
Page 399 and 400: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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Page 403 and 404: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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Page 407 and 408: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
Page 409 and 410: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
Page 411 and 412: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
Page 413 and 414: FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416: FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
Page 417 and 418: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
Page 419 and 420: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
Page 421 and 422: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
Page 423 and 424: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
Page 425 and 426: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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Page 429 and 430: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
Page 431 and 432: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
Page 433: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
Page 437 and 438: FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
Page 439 and 440: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
Page 441 and 442: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
Page 443 and 444: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
Page 445 and 446: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
Page 447 and 448: FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
Page 449 and 450: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 451 and 452: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
Page 453 and 454: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
Page 455 and 456: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
Page 457 and 458: FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
Page 459 and 460: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
Page 461 and 462: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
Page 463 and 464: FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
Page 465 and 466: FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
Page 467 and 468: FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
Page 469 and 470: FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
Page 471 and 472: FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
Page 473 and 474: FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
Page 475 and 476: FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
Page 477 and 478: FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
Page 479 and 480: FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
Page 481 and 482: FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
Page 483 and 484: FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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