From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTThe success of innovative approaches like the We Can campaignsuggests that the state alone cannot solve the attitudes and beliefs sideof the development equation. Activism can be a potent force forchanging community social institutions that perpetuate violenceagainst women.WARBeyond such ‘social violence’ lies another, more cataclysmic shock –war. The modern era is bloody on an unprecedented scale. Nearlythree times as many people (110 million) were killed in conflict in thetwentieth century as in the previous four centuries combined. 131 Inthis century there is now a ‘rump’of more than 30 protracted conflicts,most of them civil wars, which have evaded attempts at resolution. 132They grind on alongside this decade’s new conflicts in Iraq, Darfur,and elsewhere. In addition, inter-communal violence, from Gujarat inIndia to Karamoja in Uganda, takes many lives. In 2002 and 2003‘one-sided violence’, including the deliberate slaughter of civilians,was as common as armed conflict between two or more armedgroups. 133 Political violence today is concentrated in developingcountries where violence is as deeply entrenched as poverty andinequality.Conflict has driven some 33 million people from their homes,12 million of them refugees and asylum seekers, the rest internallydisplaced. 134 This represents a four-fold increase since the early 1970s.Flight disrupts lives for generations, but the experience variesenormously. Some people, as in Lebanon in August 2006, flee toneighbouring towns or villages for a period of weeks. Others, as innorthern Sri Lanka, have fled and returned many times over thecourse of 20 years. Still others, such as Somalis in Kenya, have beenwarehoused in refugee camps for up to 15 years.The end of the Cold War helped bring down the curtain on anumber of wars and allowed major returns of refugees in Angola,Mozambique, Cambodia, Central America, and Afghanistan. At thesame time, new conflicts erupted in the former Soviet republics, theBalkans, the Middle East, West Africa, the Democratic Republic of theCongo, across the Great Lakes region, and in the Horn of Africa.277
FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though the US-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and theRussian war in Chechnya may appear to buck the trend, poverty andgreed, not geopolitics, are the common denominators in the world’swars, and domestic politics remains the crucial factor in how suchconflicts play out. From 1945 to 1989, just over a third of the world’sconflicts were in low-income developing countries; since then it hasbeen more than half. 135 By 2000, some 100,000 Africans a year werebeing killed in wars, more than in the rest of the world’s conflictscombined. 136 Countries with the lowest GDP per capita are nowalmost four times more likely to suffer conflicts than those with percapita GDP of $5,000 or above. 137Conflict is contagious, as war-torn countries drag down theirneighbours with a combination of refugees, economic collapse, illegalcross-border arms trading, and violence that spills across borders, ashas happened between the countries of Central and East Africa inrecent years. By one calculation, the average civil war costs a countryand its neighbours a phenomenal $64bn. 138In a devastating downward cycle, conflict destroys nationaleconomies, deepens poverty, and sows the seeds of further violence.Most of the world’s poorest countries (22 out of 32) and most of thecountries failing to reduce child mortality (30 out of 52) have been atwar at one time or another since 1990. 139 According to one study bythe International Rescue Committee, infant mortality in western DRCwas only marginally worse than in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa in2002; in the war-torn east of the country, it was twice as high. 140Conflict both feeds and is fed by inequality. Civil wars are generallymore likely to erupt in countries that have severe and growinginequalities between ethnic or regional groups, such as those prevailingbetween the Hutu and Tutsi peoples prior to the Rwandan genocide of1994. Violent crime is generally more likely where there are deep gapsbetween individuals, as in Latin America. In many places, both typesof inequality co-exist, with devastating consequences. In turn, conflictdrives up inequality because it particularly harms the weakest andmost vulnerable members of society – marginalised groups such asethnic or religious minorities, or vulnerable groups within the rest ofsociety, such as elderly or disabled people, or children.278
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
Page 243 and 244: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
Page 245 and 246: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
Page 247 and 248: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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Page 251 and 252: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
Page 253 and 254: FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
Page 255 and 256: FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
Page 257 and 258: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
Page 259 and 260: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 261 and 262: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
Page 263 and 264: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
Page 265 and 266: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
Page 267 and 268: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
Page 269 and 270: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
Page 271 and 272: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
Page 273 and 274: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
Page 275 and 276: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
Page 277 and 278: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
Page 279 and 280: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
Page 281 and 282: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
Page 283 and 284: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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Page 287 and 288: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
Page 289 and 290: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
Page 291 and 292: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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Page 301 and 302: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
Page 303 and 304: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
Page 305 and 306: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
Page 307 and 308: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
Page 309 and 310: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
Page 311 and 312: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
Page 313 and 314: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
Page 315 and 316: FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
Page 317 and 318: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
Page 319 and 320: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
Page 321 and 322: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
Page 323 and 324: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
Page 325 and 326: FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
Page 327 and 328: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
Page 329 and 330: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
Page 331 and 332: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
Page 333 and 334: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
Page 335 and 336: THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
Page 337 and 338: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
Page 339 and 340: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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Page 343 and 344: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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