From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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INDEXissues 333, 338; levels of 334; managementof 338–40; poverty and 2, 333, 337;refugees 277, 279, 397–8, 401; remittances334–5, 336b; temporary 339–40;by young people 333, 334Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)5, 8, 43, 355t, 356, 382Morocco 67–9, 75t, 151, 157; NationalGroup for the Protection of theMoroccan Family (Organisme nationalpour la protection de la familleMarocaine) 68; Plan of Action for theIntegration of Women in Development(PANIFD) 67–8; Union de l’ActionFeminine (UAF) 67Mozambique 101, 102, 249–50, 263, 266,277, 286, 365Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI)306, 307–8Myanmar 105, 335, 399, 403natural disasters:as change agent 286–7, 442; civil societyrunprotection programmes 251, 252–3b,253; climate change and 248, 257, 258,259–60, 261–7, 406; community-baseddisaster programmes 251, 252–3b, 263,264–5; in developed countries 246, 252b;in developing countries 246, 252–3b;drought 147, 148, 199, 200–1, 228, 246,260; earthquakes 14, 74, 202, 245, 254,286, 287; effective states and 246, 249–50,249b, 253; floods 199, 246, 247, 249–50,251, 253, 260, 264, 406; global governanceand 293, 402; human securityapproach 249b, 250–4, 256; hurricanes246, 251, 252–3b, 253; internationalhumanitarian relief efforts 248–9b,249–50, 254–6, 385, 386; property rightsand 74; as a risk issue 200, 245–51,248–9b, 252–3b, 253–6, 402; risk reductionstrategies 249–51, 252–3b, 253–4, 261–7;tsunamis 246, 247, 248–9b, 251–2, 254,287; and vulnerability 14, 201, 202f,245–6, 250, 255, 293; women and 246–7,259; see also hunger and faminenatural resources 88–9, 93, 109, 113, 114,282, 285, 345, 351, 400Nepal 79, 276, 319, 403Netherlands 297, 344, 364NGOs:accountability of 254–5, 374–8, 390–1;active citizenship and 13, 138, 146, 147,373, 376, 379, 380; alliances 53, 63, 65, 66,372; on the arms trade 372, 399; andchange 438, 439, 440–3, 444; on corporatesocial responsibility 347; criticisms of368, 371, 373–4, 376, 441–3, 444; anddebt relief 211, 308–9; effective statesupport 13, 373, 379, 380; food aidprogrammes 211, 255; global governanceinvolvement 357, 379; governments 357,371, 373, 374, 376; growth of 371–3;HIV and AIDS support 231, 329; ininternational aid 354, 356–7, 358–9,371–4; international humanitarian reliefinvolvement 254, 264, 385, 387, 390–1,397; international NGOs (INGOs) 354,356–7, 358–9, 371–4, 379–80; justicecampaigns 98; on labour rights 151, 161,165, 345, 348; on landmine use 403, 404;microfinance involvement 222; publicservice provision 48, 373, 374; role of372–4, 379–80, 443, 444; short-termism373–4; and social protection measures209, 211, 212–13, 372, 374; and transnationalcorporations 169, 178, 341b,342b, 344, 348, 350b, 351Nicaragua:Christian Medical Action (CMA) 265;civil society activism 61, 138, 161; climatechange issues 265; co-operatives 138;corruption 286–7; education provision44; inequality 8; international aid 364;land reform 75t; Maria Elena CuadraWomen’s Movement (MEC) 61, 161;natural disasters 286–7; Rural Co-operativeWomen’s Federation 138Niger 238–9, 386Nigeria:agricultural issues 133, 134; co-operatives134; corruption 88; domesticviolence 275; education provision 40;health care provision 40; and internationalfinancial institutions 308;natural resources 88, 89; political issues83; violence 282–3North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) 166b, 323Norway 2, 88–9, 309–10, 403517
FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region 155–6, 323; Solomon IslandsNatural Resources and Rights Coalition54Pakistan 46, 63, 75t, 97, 101, 276, 335Palestine 50, 81, 284–5, 398Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness(2005) 28, 366–7, 375, 377, 378Peru 54, 75t, 99–100, 144–5, 260, 279, 309,331Philippines:agricultural issues 129; civil societyactivism 60, 307; on debt relief 307;democratisation 79; as effective state 101;employment issues 165; financial crisis311; fishing industry 127b; intellectualproperty laws 330; land reform 75t, 76;migration 340; property rights issues 74politics:as change agent 439–40; civil societyinvolvement 60–1, 64–6, 84–5; andeffective states 95–7, 183; in internationalhumanitarian relief 386–7; politicalparties 11, 21, 61, 80, 84–5; producerorganisation involvement 137; andreligion 38–9, 92; and trade unions 41,160, 163; and violence 79, 81, 277;women’s involvement 83, 84; and youngpeople 35, 61; see also governmentspoverty:and access to information 53–4, 133, 204;and agriculture 121–3, 133, 141, 144;democracy and 80, 82–3; disease and2–3, 9, 232; economic growth and 5, 6,10, 179–81, 189–90, 191, 195–6; andeducation 9, 10, 11, 40–1, 42–4; andemployment 148–9, 150, 157, 166; andfood production 9–10, 142–3, 227; healthand 7, 8, 9, 11, 40, 231–2; human rightsand 27–8, 208; justice system and 11,97–8; markets and 7, 14, 108, 195–6, 220;migration and 2, 333, 337; and powerlessness7, 11, 27, 28, 86, 104; propertyrights and 58–9, 70, 71–2; reductionmeasures see poverty reduction; and risk11, 120, 198, 199–200, 203, 245, 247, 248,288; rural poverty 8, 119, 120, 121, 133,196, 203; and transnational corporations171, 176–7, 344; violence and 27, 200,274, 277, 278–9, 280; vulnerability and14, 120, 156, 199, 201, 203, 246, 247–8,288poverty reduction:active citizenship and 20, 144, 429; civilsociety involvement 61, 300, 301, 307;and climate change 266, 408, 410, 413,417, 419; from economic growth 110,180, 204, 429; effective states’ role 141–2;global governance role 292–4, 429; andinternational aid 354, 359b, 360b, 361b,362b; and international financial institutions7, 300; international trade role318; and redistribution of wealth179–80, 429; social protection measures207, 208, 211, 212–16, 214–15bpower:active citizenship 19, 20, 29, 439; changeand 433; democracy and 81, 103; andelites 28, 29, 30; and global governance293–4, 424; and human rights 23, 24,28–30; nature of 28–9; and poverty 7, 11,27, 28, 86, 104private sector:active citizenship and 14, 178; agricultureand 56, 123–6, 128, 132, 133; biofuelproduction 132; climate change strategies267, 418–19; corruption 48, 86, 87; debtrelief involvement 308–9; developingcountries involvement 123–5, 313; ineconomic growth 14, 163, 169–70, 196;effective states and 14, 163–4, 169, 170–1,178, 183; fast food chains 125–6, 137,419; in financial crises 313, 314; financialsector liberalisation 299, 313; in ‘flexibilisation’of labour 157, 159f; in HIV andAIDS protection 234–5; internationalhumanitarian relief 391; labour rightsand 65, 163, 164–5, 169, 170, 299; microfinanceand 221–3; ‘race to the bottom’166–7, 176, 351; regulation and 48, 57,163, 170; small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) 169–71, 178; ‘stop doingharm’ agenda 293, 429; supermarkets125, 144, 164, 165, 177–8; supply chains157, 159f, 164–5, 345, 348, 350; technologyand 14, 56–7, 128, 168, 170, 175,176; vulture funds 308, 309; see alsomarkets; transnational corporationsproducer organisations (POs) 134–5,135–6b, 136–8, 139property rights:agricultural land 58–9, 72, 73, 75t, 76–7,122f, 142; civil society campaigns 58–9,73, 74, 76; and development 71–3; and518
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
Page 483 and 484: FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
Page 485 and 486: FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
Page 487 and 488: FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
Page 489 and 490: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
Page 493 and 494: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
Page 495 and 496: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
Page 497 and 498: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
Page 499 and 500: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
Page 501 and 502: FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
Page 503 and 504: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
Page 505 and 506: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
Page 507 and 508: FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
Page 509 and 510: FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
Page 511 and 512: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
Page 513 and 514: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
Page 515 and 516: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
Page 517 and 518: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
Page 519 and 520: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
Page 521 and 522: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
Page 523 and 524: FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
Page 525 and 526: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
Page 527 and 528: FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
Page 529 and 530: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
Page 531 and 532: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
Page 533: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
Page 537 and 538: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
Page 539 and 540: FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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