From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DISASTERthey would have fled to higher ground, rather than rush to collect thefish left flapping on the suddenly exposed sea floor. More broadly, riskreduction overlaps with social protection schemes, which can reducevulnerability to shocks and can also be rapidly expanded after a shockto allow communities to recover as quickly as possible.Poor communities and civil society organisations can also takepre-emptive action to greatly reduce vulnerability. The fruits of such‘community disaster preparedness’ were seen in April 2007, whenflash floods and mudslides due to heavy rains and snowmelts sweptacross large areas of northern Afghanistan. Unlike many devastatedcommunities, the village of Dari-Souf Payan in Samangan sufferedonly a single casualty and limited damage to property.The seeds of preparedness had been planted less than six monthsearlier in a South–South exchange of ideas. In January 2007, theBangladeshi NGO BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee)had initiated a community-based disaster risk reduction programme(CBDRR) in the village. BRAC trained a total of 30 facilitators fromthe community (20 women and ten men) to work with groups of 50families each, establishing Village Disaster Management Units withseparate committees for women and men, in keeping with culturalnorms and to ensure that women’s concerns were voiced.In April, when the heavy rains commenced, committee memberswent to each house to discuss the impending floods and the need tomove to higher ground. After the floods, with BRAC’s support, thecommittees mobilised the community to dig out the irrigation channels,to enable floodwaters to drain away and life to return to normal assoon as possible. 89Cuba is perhaps the most renowned exponent of communitybaseddisaster preparedness, as a neighbourhood representative fromthe Cuban Women’s Federation in Havana explainsI am responsible for this part of the neighbourhood. If a hurricanehits, I know that inside one multi-family unit is an old woman in awheelchair, who is going to need help to leave. I have 11 singlemothers on second and third floors of apartment buildings withchildren under two, who will need more support to evacuate andspecial needs in the shelters. I have two pregnant women, one onthat block and one on this one, who will need special attention. 90251
FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA VS KATRINA, LESSONS IN DISASTERRISK REDUCTIONTwo months after Hurricane Katrina inundated New Orleans in2005, killing around 1,300 people, Hurricane Wilma, at one pointthe strongest hurricane ever recorded, struck Cuba. The seaswept 1km inland and flooded the capital Havana, yet there wereno deaths or even injuries in the city. Nationwide, 640,000 peoplewere evacuated and only one life was lost. The six major hurricanesthat rolled over Cuba between 1996 and 2002 claimed only16 lives.What did this poor developing country, subject to a long-standingeconomic embargo by the USA, do that the wealthy superpowernext door failed to? Both countries have ‘tangible assets’, includinga well-organised civil defence capability, efficient early-warningsystem, well-equipped rescue teams, and emergency stockpilesand other resources. But ‘intangible assets’ present in Cuba andapparently lacking in the USA proved to be just as important.The oil in the Cuban civil defence machine that enables it tofunction properly includes effective local leadership, communitymobilisation, a strong sense of solidarity, and a population thatis both well educated and trained in disaster response.Cuba has developed a ‘culture of safety,’ which centralisesdecision-making in a crisis but decentralises implementation.Many ordinary people play important roles in disaster preparednessand response. Frequent and repeated use of the system has builthigh levels of trust between communities and civil defence officials.‘Any child in school can give you an explanation – how you prepare,what you do. Students know what to do, they know the phases[the four emergency phases: information, alert, alarm, andrecovery], what to do in each phase…how to gather things in thehouse and put them away…shut off the water and electricity.All students, workers, and small farmers get this training’,explains José Castro of the civil defence unit in Cienfuegos.Once a year, at the end of May, the entire country participatesin a training exercise in risk reduction, including a full day ofsimulation exercises, and another identifying vulnerable residents,252
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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Page 245 and 246: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
Page 247 and 248: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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Page 253 and 254: FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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Page 257 and 258: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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Page 261 and 262: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
Page 263 and 264: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
Page 265 and 266: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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Page 271 and 272: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
Page 273 and 274: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
Page 275 and 276: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
Page 277 and 278: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
Page 279 and 280: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
Page 281 and 282: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
Page 283 and 284: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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Page 297 and 298: FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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Page 301 and 302: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
Page 303 and 304: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
Page 305 and 306: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
Page 307 and 308: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
Page 309 and 310: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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Page 313 and 314: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
Page 315 and 316: FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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