From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITARIAN RELIEFinvest in conflict zones. The international community must also get togrips with those international banks, engineering companies, andprivate security firms that seek to profit from continued conflict.SECURITY AND THE ‘WAR ON TERROR’The aftermath of the attacks on the USA of 11 September 2001 has hada profound, and in many ways disastrous, impact on internationalefforts to prevent and resolve conflict. The political agendas in manyof the most powerful countries have shifted away from addressingcauses towards policing consequences, and the West has slipped backinto a Cold War-style paradigm of protracted war. In retrospect, the1990s look like a brief interlude in a bleak panorama dominated by anoverwhelming focus on military security. Moreover, the struggleagainst terrorism has itself become another vicious circle, with terrorism,the global ‘war on terror’, and other brutal counter-insurgencycampaigns each fuelling one another.The ‘war on terror’ confronts a genuine threat. However, it hasrelaxed controls on arming human rights abusers in countries such asGeorgia and Pakistan, has increased restrictive measures in developedcountries against asylum seekers and refugees, and has exacerbatedxenophobic reactions to immigration. 211 People fleeing terror arefinding themselves denied protection, in the very name of the ‘war onterror’. Relief agencies also find their ability to provide assistancewithout interference from combatants in conflicts curtailed in manycountries, along with the freedom of civil society organisationsto operate.The ‘war on terror’ has also undermined attempts to improvehuman rights and governance, as the US government and others havelost the moral high ground, as well as their interest in the problem. In2005 it became clear that the use of torture was effectively US policy. 212Signing up to the ‘war on terror’ has given governments carte blancheto ignore challenges on human rights and governance, a loophole thathas been exploited by governments from Chechnya to Israel toZimbabwe.Because the ‘war on terror’ sees conflict as a military struggle tovanquish enemies, it fails to address the political, social, and economic401
FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of conflict. Fighting terrorism certainly requires effectivepolice and related security measures – but since 2001, terrorism hasbecome a justification for seeking military solutions to problemsthat are more than military in nature, and poor people are paying aterrible price.Conflicts, as Part 4 showed, have local roots that require largelylocal solutions aimed at achieving peace and strengthening thecombination of active citizens and effective, accountable states thatholds the key to development. The international system can provideaid and diplomacy to support local efforts at conflict prevention andto relieve the terrible human toll when conflicts do break out. It can domore to support regional efforts at peacekeeping, especially in Africa.In exceptional circumstances, when governments are unable orunwilling to protect their own citizens, the international communityshould be ready to step in militarily. However, powerful countriesmust also address their own roles as drivers of conflict, whetherthrough the arms they sell or as financiers of war through thepurchase of natural resources.Just as risk and vulnerability at an individual or community leveloften require a level of social protection and safety nets to preventshocks turning into long-term disaster, so at a global level countriesneed support, if natural disaster or conflict is not to overwhelm theirability to guarantee rights and dignity to their citizens. That supportmust be co-ordinated, based on need, and be built on robust andimpartial international institutions, particularly the UN and theInternational Criminal Court. In turn, powerful governments need toshow the same vision at a global level, as the founders of welfare stateshave done in the national arena, recognising that both morality andlong-term self-interest require not only leadership, but a readiness toset aside short-term advantage and to put their own house in order onissues such as aid and the arms trade.402
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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Page 369 and 370: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
Page 371 and 372: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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Page 375 and 376: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
Page 377 and 378: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
Page 379 and 380: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
Page 381 and 382: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
Page 383 and 384: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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Page 387 and 388: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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Page 391 and 392: FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
Page 393 and 394: FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
Page 395 and 396: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
Page 397 and 398: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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Page 403 and 404: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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Page 407 and 408: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
Page 409 and 410: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
Page 411 and 412: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
Page 413 and 414: FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416: FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
Page 417: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
Page 421 and 422: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
Page 423 and 424: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
Page 425 and 426: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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Page 429 and 430: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
Page 431 and 432: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
Page 433 and 434: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
Page 435 and 436: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
Page 437 and 438: FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
Page 439 and 440: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
Page 441 and 442: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
Page 443 and 444: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
Page 445 and 446: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
Page 447 and 448: FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
Page 449 and 450: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 451 and 452: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
Page 453 and 454: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
Page 455 and 456: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
Page 457 and 458: FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
Page 459 and 460: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
Page 461 and 462: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
Page 463 and 464: FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
Page 465 and 466: FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
Page 467 and 468: FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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