From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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INDEXeffective states 73; evictions 58, 70–1, 97;gender inequality 74, 77–8, 233; HIV andAIDS and 74, 78, 233; as a human right71; and indigenous people 74, 76;inequality and 74; and justice 77; landreform 71, 72, 74–7, 82; and marginalisedgroups 72–3, 78; natural disasters and 74;and pastoralists 269, 270, 271; povertyand 58–9, 70, 71–2; vulnerability and 71,74; for women 74, 76, 77–8, 233public services:in developing countries 41, 43, 44–6, 51,93; development role 40–2; effectivestates and 12, 40, 46, 47–51, 239; genderinequality and 41, 42–3, 45, 46–7, 49, 50;infant mortality and 40, 45; internationalfinancial institutions involvement 301–2;and marginalised groups 41; NGOinvolvement 48, 373, 374; privatisation299; social protection measures 42, 50,207; and technology 48–9; user fees49–50; see also education; health care;water and sanitationreligion:and active citizenship 36–9, 67, 68;development and 36–9; and internationalhumanitarian relief 384, 385; and politics38–9, 92; religious civil society groups59, 61, 62, 63; and violence 275, 276, 278,280, 282–3risk:as change agent 286–90, 442; climatechange 200, 258–60, 261–7, 261b, 406;disease 199, 200, 205, 206f, 231–2, 238see also HIV and AIDS below;effectivestates’ role 12, 19, 21, 90; financial crises311, 312–13; governments’ responsibility204–5; HIV and AIDS 200, 201, 231–4;human security approach 203–4,249–51, 252–3b, 253–4, 272; for marginalisedgroups 200; natural disasters 200,245–51, 248–9b, 252–3b, 253–6, 402;for pastoralists 268; and poverty 11, 120,198, 199–200, 203, 245, 247, 248, 288;premature death 205, 206f;reductionprogrammes 249–51, 252–3b, 253–4,261–7 see also risk management below;risk management 198–9, 201–2, 203–4,228, 268, 269, 271–2; violence 200,274–7, 282; and vulnerability 21, 156,198–201, 245–6, 251; war and conflict200, 201, 202f, 277–82, 392, 402Russia 74, 94b, 172, 278, 298, 303, 311, 347,399, 403 see also Soviet UnionRwanda 83, 101, 102, 278, 279, 387, 393,395, 433Sachs, Jeffrey 354, 359–62bSelf Employed Women’s Association(SEWA) 29, 138, 161, 162–3b, 209, 221,247Sen, Amartya 24, 47, 82, 108, 227, 228Senegal 3, 270, 333Sierra Leone 2, 88, 174, 227, 247, 279, 282,284, 309, 345, 400Singapore 92, 173t, 176, 313social protection:basic income guarantee programmes214–15b; cash transfer programmes 207,211–12, 389; and civil society 208, 209,217–19; defined 207, 208; and developedcountries 193, 207–8, 214; and employment152, 153, 156, 193, 217–19, 228–9;gender inequality and 50, 208, 209;government involvement 208–9, 211,212, 217–18, 223, 227–9, 389; and internationalaid 211, 212, 213, 364, 389;NGO involvement 209, 211, 212–13, 372,374; and poverty reduction 207, 208, 211,212–16, 214–15b; and public services 42,50, 207; targeting vs. universalism215–16; for vulnerability reduction207–10, 211, 213, 215–16, 228–9, 251Social Watch 65Somaliland 62, 102; General Assistance andVolunteer Organization (GAVO) 62South Africa:access to information 53; agriculturalissues 129; apartheid 11, 30, 60, 209;arms trade 399; civil society activism 60,65, 234, 242–4, 329, 332; climate changeissues 263; democratisation 80; employmentissues 151, 158, 164; health issues224, 329; HIV and AIDS 231, 234, 235,242–4, 329; inequality reduced 11; intellectualproperty laws 329; and internationalfinancial institutions 310;justice system 97; on landmine use 403;Positive Women’s Network 231; propertyrights issues 71, 72; public services 48;Sikhula Sonke 160–1; social protectionmeasures 207, 208–9, 210, 212, 214–15b;taxation 99; trade unions 160, 161;519
FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational corporations 172, 173t,177–8; Treatment Action Campaign(TAC) 234, 242–4, 329, 332; war andconflict 284; Women on Farms Project160South Korea:arms trade 399; corruption 346; democratisation79, 82, 83; economic growth82, 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 179, 183, 187–8b;aseffective state 12, 92, 93, 95, 101; financialcrisis 298, 311; international aid 354, 367;international trade issues 319; landreform 71, 75t, 82; trade liberalisation186; transnational corporations 173tSoviet Union (former) 79, 224, 234, 261b,277 see also RussiaSpain 79, 327, 333, 337, 354, 410Sphere Project 255, 391Sri Lanka 44, 49, 75t, 247, 248b, 251–2, 276,277, 340Structural Adjustment ParticipatoryReview Initiative (SAPRI) 298–300structural adjustment programmes (SAPs):agriculture and 120–1, 139–40; civilsociety activism and 32; criticisms of 32,82, 120–1, 140, 210, 220, 227, 298, 300;and debt crises 120, 227, 306; and internationaltrade 186; see also underInternational Monetary Fund; WorldBankSudan 179, 200, 225–6b, 281, 282, 336b, 395,399 see also Darfursustainable development 15, 113, 342, 407,408, 416, 436, 443Taiwan:agricultural issues 121; democratisation79, 82; economic growth 11, 82, 88, 92,93, 170, 179, 183, 187–8b; as effectivestate 12, 92, 93, 94b, 95; inequalityreduced 4, 11; international aid 354, 367;international trade issues 320; andreform 71, 82; transnational corporations173t, 175, 176Tanzania 83, 84, 101, 269technology:access to 27, 53; and agriculture 127–30,131b, 133, 142; ‘appropriate’ 57, 266;biotechnology 56, 129; in climate changeresponse 56, 266, 419–20, 421, 423; indeveloping countries 53, 56, 57, 326–7,419; development and 27, 35, 55, 326–7,419, 443; for disease control 55–6;inequality and 55–7; and intellectualproperty laws 57, 323, 326; private sectorinvolvement 14, 56–7, 128; and publicservices 48–9; transfer of 14, 168, 170,175, 176, 331, 335, 420Thailand 124–5, 169, 232, 248b, 311, 330trade liberalisation:agriculture and 112, 186, 227, 295, 297,299, 320; benefits of 186; criticisms of 98,112, 181–2, 186–7, 227, 297, 299; indeveloping countries 186, 297; andeconomic growth 181–2, 186–7, 194;employment and 112, 117, 299; forcedliberalisation 15, 319; internationalfinancial institutions and 186, 187b, 295,302trade unions:alliances 59, 63, 65, 84, 298, 348; alternatives160–1, 162–3b; benefits 156, 158,160; challenges to 41, 82, 154, 158–61;labour rights campaigns 158, 160–3,164–5, 167, 348, 351; political involvement41, 160, 163; women’s involvement159, 160–1; see also producer organisationstransnational corporations (TNCs):accountability 89, 341, 346, 348, 349–50b,351; and active citizenship 341b, 342b,351–2; agriculture and 56, 123–4, 142;in the arms trade 281, 293, 316, 345, 346,399; and climate change 344; andcommodity value chains 171, 344–5;competition laws 348–9; corporatelobbying 171, 326, 327, 343–4, 348, 350b,389, 415, 418; corporate social responsibility157, 171, 176–7, 347, 349–50b, 351;corruption 345–7; and developingcountries 172, 173t, 174, 175–6, 342,345–6, 347, 351; and effective states 351,352; environmental impacts 176, 177,341, 342b; foreign direct investment(FDI) 172, 173t, 174, 175–6, 319, 341b,343, 351; global governance and 341,343, 350b; government relationships 171,175–6, 178, 315–16, 343, 344; growth of343, 344–5; human rights and 349–50b;influence of 169, 171, 172, 341, 343–4,345; and intellectual property laws 326,327, 328, 329, 330, 344; internationaltrade and 299, 323, 343, 344; labourrights and 65, 176, 345, 348, 349b, 351;520
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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Page 489 and 490: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
Page 493 and 494: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
Page 495 and 496: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
Page 497 and 498: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
Page 499 and 500: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
Page 501 and 502: FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
Page 503 and 504: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
Page 505 and 506: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
Page 507 and 508: FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
Page 509 and 510: FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
Page 511 and 512: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
Page 513 and 514: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
Page 515 and 516: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
Page 517 and 518: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
Page 519 and 520: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
Page 521 and 522: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
Page 523 and 524: FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
Page 525 and 526: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
Page 527 and 528: FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
Page 529 and 530: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
Page 531 and 532: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
Page 533 and 534: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
Page 535: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
Page 539 and 540: FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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