From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS I BELIEVE, THEREFORE I AMBahá’ís, Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Jains, Jews, Muslims, Sikhs,and Taoists – attended a World Faiths and Development Conferencein 1998, they revealed a startling degree of consensus about some oflife’s deepest truths:• Material gain alone cannot lead to true development: economicactivities are inter-related with all other aspects of life.• The whole world belongs to God. Human beings have no rightto act in a harmful way to other living creatures.• Everyone is of equal worth.• People’s well-being and their very identity are rooted in theirspiritual, social, and cultural traditions.• Social cohesion is essential for true development.• Societies (and the world) must be run on the basis of equityand justice. 24This convergence can be seen in the co-operation between faithsacross the developing world, where Oxfam, a secular agency, supportsand works with partner organisations from a number of faiths, whoshare common goals of rights and social justice.BOX 2.1THE GOLDEN RULEBrahmanism: ‘This is the sum of duty: do naught unto otherswhich would cause you pain if done to you.’(Mahabharata 5, 1517)Buddhism: ‘Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would findhurtful.’ (Udana-Varga 5,18)Christianity: ‘Do unto others as you would have done unto you.’(Jesus, quoted in Luke 6:31)Confucianism: ‘Surely it is the maxim of loving-kindness:do not unto others that you would not have them do unto you.’(Analects 15, 23)Islam: ‘No man is a true believer unless he desireth for hisbrother that which he desireth for himself.’(Azizullah – Hadith 150)37
FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man should treat all creatures in the world as he himselfwould like to be treated.’(Wisdom of the Living Religions, #69 – I:II:33)Taoism: ‘Regard your neighbour’s gains as your own gain andyour neighbour’s loss as your own loss.’(T’ai Shang Kan Ying P’ien)Zoroastrianism: ‘That nature alone is good which refrains fromdoing unto another whatsoever is not good for itself.’(Dadistan-i-dinik 94-5)Besides framing attitudes, beliefs, and personal behaviour, the impactof religion crosses over into the social world. Many faiths directlypromote active citizenship. Jubilee 2000, the debt campaign across40 countries that persuaded the rich creditor nations to cancel billionsof dollars of debt owed by the world’s poorest countries, was based onthe biblical concept of the Jubilee – every fiftieth year – in which thoseenslaved because of debts are freed, lands lost because of debt arereturned, and community torn by inequality is restored. Many ofthe 70,000 Jubilee 2000 protestors that ringed the G8 meeting inBirmingham, UK in 1998 and forced debt onto the agenda wereconventional church-goers who saw a direct relationship between thedebt issue and scriptural calls for social justice.In Southern Africa, many of the powerful and charismatic womenwho typically run community projects helping those living with HIVor orphaned by AIDS are active church-goers and draw on their faithfor inspiration and energy in what is often an exhausting and thanklesstask. Across Latin America, radical Catholics have made a ‘preferentialoption for the poor’, leading movements against oppressive governments.This prompted one notorious right-wing death squad inEl Salvador to print bumper stickers urging its followers to ‘be a patriot,kill a priest’. The killers went even further, assassinating San Salvador’sArchbishop Romero in 1980 because of his public stand against militaryrepression. In Iran, Muslim clerics led the popular insurrectionagainst the Shah and his notorious secret police in 1979.38
Page 3 and 4: OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
Page 5 and 6: First published by Oxfam Internatio
Page 7 and 8: PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
Page 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
Page 14 and 15: FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
Page 16 and 17: FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
Page 18 and 19: PART ONE
Page 20 and 21: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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Page 34 and 35: PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 38 and 39: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 40 and 41: I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
Page 42 and 43: 2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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