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From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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INDEXeffective states:active citizenship and 12–13, 19, 21, 46,59, 66, 76, 94–5b, 103, 196, 438; agriculturalpolicies 139, 141–3, 144, 196; anticorruption88–9; as change agent 436,437f; climate change and 264, 265–6, 267;decentralisation 97, 99–101; defined 12,19; development and 12, 13, 21, 90, 429;and economic growth 12, 19, 92–3, 179,182–4, 191, 193, 196; elites involvement36, 76, 95, 101; in global governance 104,292, 429; in HIV and AIDS protection234, 235–6; human rights and 21–2, 205;human security and 12, 19, 21, 90, 203–4,230, 241; hunger and famine and 230;and intellectual property laws 332; andinternational aid 354, 363, 365–6, 367,368, 371, 373, 380; international financialinstitutions and 302, 304, 307; internationalhumanitarian relief and 249–50;and international trade 187, 322, 332;and justice 97–8; labour rights and163–4, 196; natural resource management88–9, 93; NGO support 13, 373,379, 380; peace-building initiatives282–5, 402; politics and 95–7, 183; andpoverty reduction 141–2; private sec<strong>to</strong>rrelationship 14, 163–4, 169, 178, 183; andproperty rights 73; public services and12, 40, 46, 47–51, 239; regula<strong>to</strong>rymeasures 21, 341, 347, 351; and socialcontract 14, 88, 96, 153, 315, 367;taxation and 97, 98–9; and transnationalcorporations 351, 352; violence reductionand 274, 282, 284; vulnerability and 14,21, 222, 250Egypt 8, 75t, 170, 224, 258, 309, 363El Salvador 38, 75t, 102, 245, 280, 299elites:and active citizenship 11, 13, 29, 36;corruption 5, 87, 95; in developingcountries 51, 105; education provisionand 51; in effective states 36, 76, 95, 101;government relationships 5, 36, 83, 84,87, 95, 101, 139, 163; against land reform74, 76; and power relations 28, 29, 30;war and conflict involvement 281–2employment:in agriculture 149, 150, 154; casual worksee temporary employment below; childlabour 148, 153, 169; in developingcountries 108, 148–9, 152–3, 156–7,166–7, 176, 345; development relationship153, 157, 167; ‘flexibilisation’ 150,154–7, 159f; future of 166–7; genderinequality 5, 50, 110, 111–12, 151, 153,167; and globalisation 150, 152, 153, 157;government policies 150, 152, 153, 154,163–4, 196; health and 151, 156, 167; as ahuman right 149, 150; informal 8, 71, 99,150, 152–3, 158; international financialinstitutions’ involvement 156; internationaltrade and 318; levels of employment149; of marginalised groups 148,169; migration and 153, 333, 334, 335;nature of 149, 150; and poverty 148–9,150, 157, 166; rural employmentguarantee schemes 217–19; socialprotection measures 152, 153, 156, 193,217–19, 228–9; supply chains 150, 157,159f, 164–5, 345, 348, 350, 351; temporaryemployment 152, 154–5, 157–8, 161;trade liberalisation and 112, 117, 299;unemployment 149, 190, 334, 335;unpaid work 110, 111–12, 151, 167, 190;of women 50, 150–1, 156, 158–9, 167,190; and young people 149, 150, 189,334; see also labour rightsEnhanced Heavily Indebted Poor CountriesDebt Reduction Initiative (HPIC II) 306,307environment:agriculture and 128, 130, 130b, 131; andbiofuels 131, 132; economic growth and113–15, 117, 190, 195; environmentalrefugees 258, 260; environmental taxes316, 413–14; gender inequality and 114;global warming and 115, 132; internationalagreements 293; orthodoxeconomics and 110, 113–15; transnationalcorporations and 176, 177, 341,342b; see also climate change; globalwarming; sustainable developmentEthical Trading Initiative (ETI) 165, 348,349b, 350b, 351Ethiopia:agricultural issues 134; debt crisis 309,310; hunger and famine 210, 224, 287,309, 357; international humanitarianrelief 210, 357, 387; land reform 75t;pas<strong>to</strong>ralists 271; social protectionmeasures 208, 210; war and conflict 102Europe:climate change issues 406; economic511

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