From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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GLOSSARYStructuraladjustmentprogrammeSustainabledevelopmentTerms of tradeTransfer pricingVulnerabilityVulture fundWashingtonConsensusIn the 1980s and 1990s, SAPs were agreed betweenmany developing-country governments and theWorld Bank and the International Monetary Fund.In return for economic assistance, countries werefrequently forced to accept conditions of economicrestructuring that undermined their social servicesand their ability to develop viable industrial oragricultural sectors of their own.Defined by the Brundtland Report of 1987 as‘development that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs’.Economic term describing the rate of exchangebetween different kinds of goods, such as rawmaterials and manufactured goods; presented, forexample, as the number of bags of coffee or barrelsof oil needed to buy a truck.A manoeuvre used by transnational corporations tominimise their tax liability. It involves either underorover-charging for trade within different companyaffiliates to reduce the amount of tax liable in aparticular jurisdiction.The reduced ability of communities or households tocope either with personal stresses such as death in thefamily, sickness, robbery, eviction, or the loss of a jobor a crop, or a major event such as a drought or aconflict that affects the whole community.A private company that buys the debt of a developingcountrygovernment at a low price, and then attemptsto sue the government for the full amount, plusinterest.Economic orthodoxy embraced by economists,politicians, and institutions such as the World Bankand the International Monetary Fund in the 1980sand 1990s. It held that developing countries couldsolve their economic problems by curbing inflation,reducing the power of the state, and unleashingmarket forces. It led to market liberalisation and theimplementation of structural adjustment programmesin dozens of developing countries, oftenwith negative outcomes for development.505
FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numbers in italics refer to figures, tables, and boxes. Please note that f, t, and bafter page numbers indicates material found in figures, tables, and boxes respectivelyaccess to information:in active citizenship 52–3, 89; on climatechange 262, 263, 264, 265; as a humanright 24, 26, 27, 53; for poor people 53–4,133, 204active citizenship:access to information 52–3, 89;agriculture in 134–9, 144, 195–6;as change agent 13, 31–2, 39, 59–60, 436,437f; in climate change strategies 264–5,266, 267; on debt relief 38, 307; defined12, 19–20; development in 12, 13, 60,429; economic growth and 160, 191, 196;effective states and 12–13, 19, 21, 66, 76,94–5b, 103, 196, 438; and elites 11, 13, 29,36; in HIV and AIDS protection 63, 234,235; hunger and famine campaigns 227,228, 229–30; by indigenous people18–19, 31, 32–3, 63, 78, 100; and intellectualproperty 332; and international aid354, 367, 378–9; labour rights campaigns65, 163–4, 196; markets and 195–6;migration and 339, 340; NGOs support13, 138, 146, 147, 373, 376, 379, 380;peace-building initiatives 96, 102, 282–5,402; for poverty reduction 20, 144, 429;power and 19, 20, 29, 439; private sectorand 14, 178; and religion 36–9, 67, 68;and social contracts 14, 88, 153, 315, 367;and transnational corporations 341b,342b, 351–2; vulnerability and 14, 204;see also civil societyAfghanistan:civil society activism 276; democratisation81; floods 247, 251; internationalaid 375, 376; opium industry 282, 400;war and conflict 81, 102, 277, 278, 282,394, 397, 400Africa:agricultural issues 120, 125, 128, 129,142–3, 144; Alliance for a GreenRevolution in Africa (AGRA) 128; armstrade 399; climate change and 259–60,262–3, 406; democratisation 80, 82;domestic violence 275; economic growth82, 193, 382; effective states 101, 102;elites 95; employment 153; health care240–1; HIV and AIDS 10, 53, 120, 200,232, 233–4; hunger and famine 200, 210,224–5, 227, 229; inequality 4; internationalaid 358, 367, 381; and internationalfinancial institutions 297;international humanitarian relief 386;international trade 323; natural disasters246; pastoralists 198, 268–72; socialprotection measures 212, 229; structuraladjustment programmes 298; taxation98; transnational corporations 174; warand conflict 62, 90, 102, 277, 278, 393,402; see also named countries506
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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Page 477 and 478: FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
Page 479 and 480: FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
Page 481 and 482: FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
Page 483 and 484: FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
Page 485 and 486: FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
Page 487 and 488: FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
Page 489 and 490: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
Page 493 and 494: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
Page 495 and 496: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
Page 497 and 498: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
Page 499 and 500: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
Page 501 and 502: FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
Page 503 and 504: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
Page 505 and 506: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
Page 507 and 508: FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
Page 509 and 510: FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
Page 511 and 512: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
Page 513 and 514: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
Page 515 and 516: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
Page 517 and 518: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
Page 519 and 520: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
Page 521: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
Page 525 and 526: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
Page 527 and 528: FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
Page 529 and 530: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
Page 531 and 532: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
Page 533 and 534: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
Page 535 and 536: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
Page 537 and 538: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
Page 539 and 540: FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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