From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROWTHhas followed many of the same principles since the second half of the1980s (see Box 3.8 on page 187).Success has required a combination of effective states and politicalleadership. From the historical record, it appears that there are noshortcuts: the private sector on its own has never achieved growthwith equity. Furthermore, effective state intervention appears to becrucial for the development of the private sector itself. All take-offcountries gave priority to general economic goals such as macroeconomicstability, integration into the world economy, high levels ofsavings and public and private investment, and rapid diversification,while at the same time striving to maintain social cohesion, solidarity,and political stability. 177Successful governments have invested in roads, power supplies,and people. Agricultural take-off has generally been an essential firststep on the ladder of economic growth, followed by a move into clothingproduction, then up the value chain into manufacturing and exportingmore complex products such as electronics. When trying to achievethis shift, successful economies in South Korea, Taiwan,Viet Nam, andChina developed key sectors behind protective tariff barriers, with ahands-on role for the state in guiding the take-off:• Governments invested heavily in education and training,ensuring that they had skilled workforces able to produceever more sophisticated goods.• Governments led the way in encouraging industry to upgradefrom low-tech manufacturing, such as garments, to highertechmanufactures and high-skilled services.• Governments forced industries to become competitive,not least by obliging them to compete in export markets.Protection, for example via tariffs, was used frequently butfor limited time periods, so that industries knew how longthey had to become competitive.• Governments insisted on letting failures go out of business,whereas unsuccessful ones became ‘captured’ by industriallobbies and accumulated white elephant industries dependenton continued state support for their survival.• Governments decided relatively early on whether they wouldpursue industrialisation by setting up national leader183
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for example South Korea), or by encouragingforeign companies to import technology and operate directly(for example Malaysia), but in both cases successful governmentspursued activist policies, rather than laissez faire ones.• The state used its regulatory powers over investment, accessto capital (for example via subsidised loans to preferredindustries), a panoply of tax breaks, and other incentives tomanage industrial transformation.As economies developed and became more complex, and industriesachieved international competitiveness, the costs and benefits ofstate intervention in both agriculture and industry shifted, andgovernments started to reduce their role and to open up the economy– exactly the sequence that rich countries pursued at an earlier stage oftheir development. 178 Deregulation and liberalisation are thus betterseen as the outcomes of successful development, rather than as initialconditions.BOX 3.7A TALE OF TWO TIGERSThe People’s Republic of China and Viet Nam have been twooutstanding success stories of East Asian development over thepast two decades. Both have achieved rapid economic growthand spectacular reductions in poverty, and both are Communistsystems in transition, moving from centralised state planning tomore market-based structures. 179 But China has seen enormousincreases in inequality, while Viet Nam has grown much moreequitably. Why?First, the two countries de-collectivised agriculture in verydifferent ways. During the 1990s Chinese farmers saw a 30 percent fall in the price of grains and a tripling of agricultural taxes,which left poorer regions in the centre and west of the country tostagnate and stimulated a vast out-migration to urban areas.In Viet Nam, by contrast, the doi moi reforms launched in 1986involved a widespread and largely equitable redistribution of landto private farmers, backed up by significant state support forirrigation schemes, seeds, technological upgrading, and pricestabilisation. As a result, Vietnamese agriculture has been animportant pillar of the country’s take-off.184
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
Page 149 and 150: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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Page 153 and 154: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
Page 155 and 156: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
Page 157 and 158: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
Page 159 and 160: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
Page 161 and 162: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
Page 163 and 164: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 165 and 166: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
Page 167 and 168: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
Page 169 and 170: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
Page 171 and 172: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
Page 173 and 174: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
Page 175 and 176: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
Page 177 and 178: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
Page 179 and 180: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
Page 181 and 182: FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
Page 183 and 184: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
Page 185 and 186: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
Page 187 and 188: FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
Page 189 and 190: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
Page 191 and 192: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
Page 193 and 194: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
Page 195 and 196: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
Page 197 and 198: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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Page 205 and 206: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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Page 209 and 210: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 211 and 212: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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Page 215 and 216: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
Page 217 and 218: FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
Page 219 and 220: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
Page 221 and 222: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
Page 223 and 224: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
Page 225 and 226: FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
Page 227 and 228: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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Page 233 and 234: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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Page 237 and 238: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
Page 239 and 240: FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
Page 241 and 242: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
Page 243 and 244: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
Page 245 and 246: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
Page 247 and 248: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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