From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS WE ORGANISE, THEREFORE WE ARECompared with the steady hum of the state’s machinery, civilsociety activity waxes and wanes, coming into its own in moments ofprotest and crisis, and often falling away after a victory – such as winninga change in the law, or the election of a more progressive governmentthat promptly recruits key civil society leaders. In such circumstances,many CSOs find it difficult to move from a strategy of opposition toone of engagement. Other CSOs, notably those sponsored by religiousinstitutions, are much more stable, outlasting all but a handful ofgovernments, but even they experience cycles of activism and silence.Less dramatic than mass protest, but equally important, civil societycan demonstrate broad public support for policy changes, thus makingit easier for political leaders to act and resist pressure from those whowould rather maintain the status quo. In the late 1990s, for example,the Maria Elena Cuadra Women’s Movement in Nicaragua collected50,000 signatures calling for better working conditions in the country’sexport-processing zones, prompting the minister of labour to enforcethe law and convincing factory owners to adopt a voluntary codeof conduct.Civil society also plays an important, if less visible, role in moreclosed political systems, such as one-party states. A study in Viet Namrevealed a virtuous circle of state and NGO investment in training andeducation, improved communications (for example, an upgradedroad, funded by the World Bank, which allowed easier contactbetween villages and the district authorities), and pressure from thecentral government for local authorities to encourage popular participationin poverty reduction efforts.As a result, both villagers and localauthorities gained confidence and began to exchange opinions andideas more openly. Women in particular became much more vocalafter receiving training in agricultural methods and making more regulartrips away from the village. 75Much of the long-term impact of CSOs is based on the slow buildingof people’s skills and capabilities, fostering changes in attitudesand beliefs. In Serbia, for example, a network of groups is seeking tostrengthen the negotiating and lobbying skills of the Roma population,the poorest community in Europe, in part by ensuring thatmore women and young people join and assume leadership positions.61
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of civil society is formed of local groups concernedprimarily with the welfare of their fellow citizens, like the GeneralAssistance and Volunteer Organization (GAVO). This organisationwas founded in 1992 by a dozen young men from different sub-clansin Berbera, their hometown in the arid region of the Horn of Africaknown as Somaliland. Their childhoods had been shattered by civilwar, and they hoped that through volunteer action they might beginto address some of the town’s pressing social problems.Acting on the advice of their Koranic teacher to help the mostdestitute of their fellow citizens, they started with patients at the localpsychiatric hospital suffering from war trauma: trimming their hairand nails, taking them out to a cool plateau on Fridays, washing theirclothes. Shunned by many who associated mental illness with sorcery,the hospital received no government or private funding. GAVO’svolunteers used popular theatre to educate the community, andreached beyond the boundaries of family and clan to raise money,breaking social taboos in the process.Within four years, GAVO had managed to set up an out-patientclinic, help demystify mental illness, and garner steady donationsfrom local merchants and municipal authorities. Then, aware of theirown limited scope, they began to lobby for changes in governmentpolicy regarding children’s rights.Paradoxically, organisations like GAVO are often viewed by fundersas being of little significance to development. They are local, usually‘traditional’ rather than ‘progressive’, and distant from grand challengeson the national level. Yet such groups provide opportunities forcommunities and ordinary citizens to discuss and act on some of thedifficulties they face. Though small-scale, they can be instrumental inthe development of a democratic culture and of skills needed foraddressing national challenges. GAVO travelled on just such a trajectory– from charity to service provision to public outreach to outrightadvocacy.Civil society is often at its most active in the burgeoning shantytowns and suburbs of cities. With better access to schooling, andwith exchanges of opinions and information on every street corner,urbanites are more likely to get involved in CSOs. Cities are vividly62
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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Page 34 and 35: PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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Page 40 and 41: I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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Page 53 and 54: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
Page 55 and 56: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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Page 67 and 68: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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Page 71 and 72: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 73 and 74: FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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Page 77: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
Page 81 and 82: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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Page 87 and 88: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
Page 89 and 90: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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Page 109 and 110: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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Page 125 and 126: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
Page 127 and 128: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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