From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDplanning. The same process, however, has also skewed budgets towardspending on technical assistance. The high-priced consultants whopropose, monitor, and evaluate aid programmes now pocket 20 centsof every aid dollar. 144 A study of technical assistance in Mozambiquefound that rich countries were spending $350m per year on 3,500technical experts, while the entire wage bill for Mozambique’s 100,000public sector workers was just $74m. 145 While technical assistancemay be helpful, for example in enabling governments to learn fromthe experiences of others, donors ought to place developing countriesin control of technical assistance funds, so that they can decidewhether to hire local or other consultants to undertake work that fitstheir own needs and priorities.Even when well-intentioned, the long shopping lists of ‘conditions’attached by donors undermines the essential task of building institutionsand policies rooted in local economic and social structures – the pathfollowed by all of today’s successful economies. Of course, taxpayers inrich countries – and citizens of poor countries – are entitled to expectaid to be used to promote development and to be clearly accountedfor. However, many donors undermine quality by imposing their ownpreferred economic policy reforms. ‘Conditionality’ often obligespoor countries to implement policies based on dogma and ideology,rather than on evidence – for example, privatisation and liberalisationwhich, as discussed in Part 3, have a poor track record in triggeringgrowth or reducing poverty.Donor hubris can also erode state institutions. One insideraccount of Ghana’s attempt to adopt new policies after the 2000election of an energetic new president highlights the corrosive impacton institutions of aid dependence. Aid donor staff were ideologicallyhostile to the president’s proposals to promote industry, and distrustedthe abilities of government staff to design such a programme. Theyinsisted that the government use ‘technical assistance’ to design itsflagship industrial policy and, desperate for resources, the governmentagreed. Soon the Ministry for Private Sector Development hadmore foreign consultants than civil servants. With policy backgroundsrooted in the international aid industry, the consultantsthemselves were sceptical of many of the government’s ideas. Insteadof aid backing a genuine effort to build an effective state, it bogged the365
FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment down in a debilitating wrangle with donors, sucking theenergy out of its development plans. 146One innovative approach undertaken by donor and recipientgovernments to address the poor quality of much aid is the Educationfor All (EFA) initiative, which since 2000 has helped well over 20 millionchildren who would never have received an education to enrol inschool. Under the EFA compact, poor-country governments promisedto draw up realistic long-term education sector plans and toincrease their own investment in primary education. Donors in turnpromised to work together so that, as the World Bank’s DevelopmentCommittee put it,‘No countries seriously committed to education forall will be thwarted in their achievement of this goal by a lack ofresources.’ Not only have some 30 developing countries had theirplans endorsed and funded but, egged on by citizen campaigns, governmentsin 70 countries are spending more on education as a proportionof total government expenditure. 147Traditional donors grouped in the OECD’s DevelopmentAdvisory Committee (DAC) have also acknowledged the need toimprove quality. The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness of 2005laid out a set of principles to be implemented by both donors andrecipients over the following five years. 148 Developing countriesagreed to give priority to the fight against poverty, promising toproduce national poverty plans with the participation of their citizensand national legislatures. They also agreed to create more transparentand accountable management systems for public finances, in order toensure that resources go where they are intended.Rich countries in turn agreed not only to provide more aid, butalso to align their aid around developing-country priorities andsystems, in recognition of the fact that recipient-country ownershipover the development process is an essential prerequisite for successfuldevelopment. They also agreed to cut the high administrative burdenby working in a more co-ordinated fashion, for example by organisingjoint visits and reporting.While the Paris principles are generally positive, they addressefficiency more than effectiveness, and civil society organisations havepointed out that the principles appear to be divorced from values suchas justice, human rights, gender equality, democracy, or even the366
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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Page 333 and 334: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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Page 339 and 340: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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Page 343 and 344: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
Page 345 and 346: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
Page 347 and 348: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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Page 351 and 352: FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
Page 353 and 354: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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Page 357 and 358: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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Page 361 and 362: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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Page 365 and 366: FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
Page 367 and 368: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
Page 369 and 370: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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Page 373 and 374: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
Page 375 and 376: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
Page 377 and 378: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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Page 381: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
Page 385 and 386: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
Page 387 and 388: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
Page 389 and 390: FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
Page 391 and 392: FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
Page 393 and 394: FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
Page 395 and 396: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
Page 397 and 398: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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Page 403 and 404: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
Page 405 and 406: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
Page 407 and 408: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
Page 409 and 410: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
Page 411 and 412: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
Page 413 and 414: FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416: FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
Page 417 and 418: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
Page 419 and 420: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
Page 421 and 422: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
Page 423 and 424: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
Page 425 and 426: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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Page 431 and 432: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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