From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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GLOSSARYGeneric medicines Copies of pharmaceutical products no longerprotected by patent. They contain the same activeingredients as original branded drugs, though notnecessarily in the identical formulation. They arecheaper than branded drugs as manufacturers do notincur the research and development costs associatedwith new medicines and, once a patent has expired,competition between manufacturers drives downmarket prices.Green Revolution Refers to the big increase in agricultural productivityin Asia in the 1960s and 1970s. It was led by technologicalinnovation based on new varieties of rice andwheat and the use of chemical fertilisers, coupledwith state investment in irrigation, infrastructuresuch as roads, and new institutions to ensure stablecrop prices.HIV and AIDS HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus,while AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)is a syndrome of opportunistic infections anddiseases that can develop at the end stage of HIVinfection. It is not possible to die from HIV itself.Indeed, many HIV-positive people, with a good dietand access to drugs, live a relatively normal life andmay not develop AIDS for a very long time.International The World Bank, the International MonetaryfinancialFund, and other supra-national financial bodiesinstitutions such as regional development banks.KeynesianEconomic theory based on the work of Britisheconomics economist John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946).Keynes promoted a mixed economy in which boththe state and the private sector play important roles.Microfinance Financial services designed to reduce poverty bygiving poor people access to credit, insurance, savings,fund transfers, and so on. Microfinance can beorganised at the community level among groups ofcommunity members, or can be provided moreformally by microfinance institutions or NGOs.Mitigation When referring to climate change,‘mitigation’ meansreducing emissions of harmful greenhouse gases;when discussing natural disasters, it refers to reducingtheir potential impact.503
FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicaleconomicsPastoralismRemittancesRights-basedapproachSmall andmedium-sizedenterprisesSocial capitalSocial protectionAn approach to economics, frequently embraced byinstitutions such as the World Bank and theInternational Monetary Fund, that relates supply anddemand to the ability of individuals to maximiseutility or profit. Typically based on mathematicalmodelling, it is often criticised for its reliance onhypothetical assumptions that fail to take account ofcomplex human behaviour in the real world.Pastoral agriculture is based on the raising of animalssuch as cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, which typicallyrepresent the pastoralist’s main economic resource.Pastoralism is found in many forms in different partsof the world, but commonly includes a mobile aspect,with pastoralists moving (often over long distances)in search of water and fresh pasture, according toseason and environmental conditions.Money sent by migrant workers in foreign countriesback to their families at home. Remittances make asignificant contribution to the economies ofdeveloping countries.An approach to human development that uniteseconomic and social rights with political and civilrights, aiming to build a ‘social contract’ betweenstate and citizen. At its core is the idea that all peopleare of equal dignity and worth, and have naturalrights but also responsibilities towards theircommunities.In developing countries, SMEs typically play a muchmore important role in creating employment (andreinforcing local linkages) for poor people than dotransnational corporations.The social resources that people draw on, includinginformal networks with individuals or institutionssuch as political or civic bodies; membership offormalised groups such as churches; and relationshipsof trust, reciprocity, and exchange.Consists of two components: social assistancetransfers resources to vulnerable groups in the formof pensions, child-support grants, and so on, whilesocial insurance allows individuals and households toprotect themselves against risks by pooling resourceswith others.504
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
Page 469 and 470: FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
Page 471 and 472: FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
Page 473 and 474: FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
Page 475 and 476: FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
Page 477 and 478: FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
Page 479 and 480: FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
Page 481 and 482: FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
Page 483 and 484: FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
Page 485 and 486: FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
Page 487 and 488: FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
Page 489 and 490: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
Page 493 and 494: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
Page 495 and 496: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
Page 497 and 498: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
Page 499 and 500: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
Page 501 and 502: FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
Page 503 and 504: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
Page 505 and 506: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
Page 507 and 508: FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
Page 509 and 510: FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
Page 511 and 512: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
Page 513 and 514: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
Page 515 and 516: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
Page 517 and 518: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
Page 519: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
Page 523 and 524: FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
Page 525 and 526: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
Page 527 and 528: FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
Page 529 and 530: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
Page 531 and 532: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
Page 533 and 534: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
Page 535 and 536: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
Page 537 and 538: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
Page 539 and 540: FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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