From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS I SURF, THEREFORE I AMTHE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGYWhen oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was developed at Bangladesh’sInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in the late1960s, the Lancet, a leading medical journal, hailed it as possibly themost important medical discovery of the twentieth century. Untilthen the only effective remedy for dehydration caused by diarrhoeawas providing sterilised liquid through an intravenous drip, whichcost about $50 per child, far beyond the budgets and facilities of mostdeveloping-country health centres. In comparison, ORT sachets sell atless than 10 cents apiece. Scientists found that ORT led to a 25-foldincrease in a child’s ability to absorb the solution, compared withwater alone, saving hundreds of thousands of lives. 63Technology is knowledge embodied in machines or processes, andholds out the allure of a fast and apparently painless track to development.The capacity of countries to create knowledge and turn it intotechnology increasingly determines their economic prospects. However,despite the gee-whizz enthusiasm of optimists, technology is doggedby issues of power and politics that severely hamper its ability to helppoor people build their capabilities. Nor is technology always benign.After working on the Manhattan Project to develop nuclear weaponsduring the Second World War, Albert Einstein observed, ‘Technologicalprogress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal.’Technological progress often exacerbates inequality. At leastinitially, those with power and a voice are often better placed toacquire and adapt new technologies, which helps skew global researchand development (R&D) priorities towards the needs of the wealthy,both in terms of issues and funding. Only 1 per cent of the new medicinesbrought to market between 1975 and 1996 were for the treatmentof tropical diseases. Ten years later, and despite somephilanthropic efforts, that disparity remains: only 10 per cent of theoverall world health research budget of $50bn–$60bn is spent on thediseases that affect 90 per cent of the world’s population. 64The failure to develop an effective microbicide against HIV is oneexample of the distortion in global research priorities. In part becausepharmaceutical companies cater to rich-country markets, where formany years the pandemic affected primarily male homosexuals, their55
FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch efforts have centred on male-controlled prevention methods.In sub-Saharan Africa, where the target population is primarilyheterosexual and women’s bargaining power over sex is limited, aprevention method that could be controlled by women and would notblock procreation is an urgent need. Recent initiatives have sought tofill the gap, but a breakthrough is still years away. Likewise, anaffordable female condom that could protect millions of women fromHIV infection has still not been developed.The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, among others, hopes tohelp correct this bias by offering grants to fund R&D for neglecteddiseases. The UK, Canada, and other governments are offering whatthey call ‘advance market commitments’: a guarantee to buy bulk suppliesof new vaccines in order to encourage research. The basic idea is notnew. In 1714 the British government offered £20,000 – a fortune at thetime – to whoever could invent a way of measuring longitude at sea.The offer worked: by 1735 the clockmaker and inventor John Harrisonhad produced an accurate maritime chronometer. 65Research is increasingly dominated by the private sector. In agriculture,five large multinational companies – Bayer, Dow Agro,DuPont, Monsanto, and Syngenta – spend $7.3bn per year onagricultural research. This is more than 18 times the budget of thepublicly funded Consultative Group on International AgriculturalResearch. 66 Left to its own devices, private sector research will respondto future opportunities for profit, not public need (although the twomay coincide), so tropical diseases or improved varieties of the staplefoods of poor communities, such as cassava and sorghum, are likely tobe overlooked in favour of high-value, high-profit products.R&D may benefit people living in poverty, even when it is dominatedby the wealthy and run by the private sector. But it is less likelyto improve their prospects than R&D geared more closely to theirneeds, and may run greater risks. Biotechnology, for example, maywell produce drought-resistant strains of seeds that become an essentialtool for adapting to climate change. However, it could also erode thegenetic diversity on which developing-country farmers rely, and placeexcessive power in the hands of transnational corporations throughtheir control of seed strains.56
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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Page 28 and 29: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
Page 30 and 31: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
Page 32 and 33: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
Page 34 and 35: PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 38 and 39: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 40 and 41: I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
Page 42 and 43: 2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
Page 53 and 54: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
Page 55 and 56: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
Page 57 and 58: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
Page 59 and 60: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
Page 61 and 62: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
Page 63 and 64: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
Page 65 and 66: FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
Page 67 and 68: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
Page 69 and 70: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
Page 71: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 75 and 76: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
Page 77 and 78: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
Page 79 and 80: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
Page 81 and 82: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
Page 83 and 84: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
Page 85 and 86: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
Page 87 and 88: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
Page 89 and 90: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
Page 91 and 92: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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Page 95 and 96: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
Page 97 and 98: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
Page 99 and 100: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
Page 101 and 102: FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
Page 103 and 104: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
Page 105 and 106: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
Page 107 and 108: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
Page 109 and 110: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
Page 111 and 112: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
Page 113 and 114: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
Page 115 and 116: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
Page 117 and 118: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
Page 119 and 120: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
Page 121 and 122: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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