From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDthe same scale, INGOs are also raising and spending much more thanever before.Politically, the rise of new donors enhances the bargaining powerof poor countries and thus their ability to avoid damaging conditions.At the same time it undercuts the often overstated clout of donors topressure for human rights and governance reforms. In addition, aswill be explored below, it vastly complicates the picture regarding aidaccountability.TABLE 5.2: THREE GRAND NARRATIVES ON AID:SACHS, EASTERLY, AND COLLIER COMPAREDThe aid optimist:Jeffrey Sachs(The End of Poverty)Core argument: diagnosisAn aid optimist: extremepoverty can be eradicatedwithin a generation.Poverty trap: povertyitself leads to underinvestmentin basicservices, which depletespoor people’s capital stockand leads to deeperpoverty.Hostile geography:remote, landlocked, ormountainous countriesface huge additionalobstacles.The aid pessimist:William Easterly(White Man’s Burden)An aid pessimist: aid hasfailed because it isplanned from the topdown, without accountabilitystructures andwithout feedback fromthe people served. Itcreates perverse incentives(e.g. promotionbased on how muchmoney you manage todisburse) that have littleto do with developmentor poverty reduction.In contrast with top-down‘Planners’, bottom-up‘Searchers’ find out whatlocal people want, andsupply it using marketmechanisms. Searchersnimbly adapt to localconditions, and keep thecustomer satisfied. Theyunderstand incentivesand accountability.Paul Collier(The Bottom Billion)Four ‘traps’ keep a billionpeople excluded fromglobal prosperity:The Conflict Trap;The Natural ResourcesTrap (too much ratherthan too little);Being Landlocked withBad Neighbours;Bad Governance.Collier analyses fourinstruments to dealwith these:AidSecurity (i.e. militaryintervention)International laws andchartersTrade policy.359
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimist:Jeffrey Sachs(The End of Poverty)Core argument: solutionsThe aid pessimist:William Easterly(White Man’s Burden)Paul Collier(The Bottom Billion)Massive though affordableinjection of aid byrich countries.Target basic services(agriculture, education,health, water andsanitation, communication,and transport) tounlock the poverty trap.Then poor people will beable to save, invest, andprosper on their own.Sachs’ work has led tothe creation of the‘Millennium VillagesProject’, which seeks toput these ideas intopractice throughintegrated rural developmentprojects in selectedvillages across Africa.There is no ‘big idea’, butsome principles:Make aid agentsindividually accountable.Let those agents searchfor what works.Evaluate, based onfeedback from theintended beneficiariesand scientific testing.Reward success andpenalise failure.Focus on the mostdifficult environments.Accept more risk, and ahigher rate of failure.Be flexible, seize reformopportunities at an earlystage.360
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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Page 337 and 338: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
Page 339 and 340: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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Page 343 and 344: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
Page 345 and 346: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
Page 347 and 348: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
Page 349 and 350: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
Page 351 and 352: FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
Page 353 and 354: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
Page 355 and 356: FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
Page 357 and 358: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
Page 359 and 360: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
Page 361 and 362: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
Page 363 and 364: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
Page 365 and 366: FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
Page 367 and 368: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
Page 369 and 370: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
Page 371 and 372: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
Page 373 and 374: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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Page 379 and 380: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
Page 381 and 382: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
Page 383 and 384: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
Page 385 and 386: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
Page 387 and 388: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
Page 389 and 390: FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
Page 391 and 392: FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
Page 393 and 394: FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
Page 395 and 396: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
Page 397 and 398: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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Page 401 and 402: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
Page 403 and 404: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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Page 407 and 408: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
Page 409 and 410: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
Page 411 and 412: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
Page 413 and 414: FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416: FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
Page 417 and 418: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
Page 419 and 420: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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Page 423 and 424: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
Page 425 and 426: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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