From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEprogrammes typically provide improved access for rich-countryinvestors and exporters.Their choice of economic frameworks: There are many other possibleresponses to sluggish growth and inflation, but the orthodoxapproach is overwhelmingly dominant, with more heterodoxeconomists facing hostility and criticism.The institutional pressures of bureaucracy: As in any institution,staff concern for career and salary leads to a high level of conformityand conservatism. If you follow the standard recipe and things gowrong, it is the institution’s fault; if you try something different and itdoesn’t work, the buck stops with you. 20As the Bank and Fund try to reconcile political pressure, publicdisenchantment, and the fierce academic debates over their policies,doubts and confusion abound over their future roles. Large developingcountries such as the BRIC group of Brazil, Russia, India, andChina no longer depend on the Fund for sources of capital (althoughthey engage with the Bank for both loans and policy advice on issuessuch as climate change). Latin America and East Asia have sought tobuild regional alternatives. Venezuela and Argentina have proposed a‘Bank of the South’, which would initially fund regional infrastructureprojects such as oil and gas pipelines, but could take on a more overarchingrole. And at a meeting of ASEAN+3 finance ministers inKyoto in 2007, the countries of East Asia agreed to press ahead with an$80bn regional currency swap arrangement that looks remarkablylike an Asian Monetary Fund.While the Bank has proved more agile in finding new roles foritself, for example through its enormous output of research andpolicy advice, the Fund seems particularly becalmed. George Schultz,treasury secretary under US President Gerald Ford, put it this way:‘If it disappeared tomorrow, I don’t think people would miss it verymuch.’ 21 Schultz’s statement could perhaps be more usefullyrephrased as a question: ‘In today’s world, if the IFIs did not exist,would it be necessary to create them?’ The answer to that is far fromclear. Multilateral approaches that manage to avoid excessive controlby the major powers provide a source of loans and technical andpolicy advice that governments find useful. Some parts of the WorldBank family, such as the regional development banks, may need to303
FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more prominent. But to remain both relevant and useful, theIFIs must assert their independence from their larger shareholdersand place themselves at the service of their customers.Where effective states are able to insist on sensible policies, ratherthan succumb to pressures to follow Washington Consensusblueprints, the Fund and Bank could play a positive supporting role:• The World Bank could strengthen its support for ‘globalpublic goods’, such as technological advances in health oragriculture, where it should work with UN bodies and otherelements of the international system. In these areas, nationalgovernments or individual companies may not have sufficientincentives to invest, since the benefits (or harm) accrue toeveryone rather than just to their own country or firm.Although the Bank is moving into these areas, to date it hasdone so in an ad hoc and chaotic fashion, setting up some70 separate trust funds for work on different issues, with littleoverall sense of direction or priority. 22• The Bank and the Fund could isolate policy advice andresearch from lending. The institutions’ policy advice ishugely influential but is akin to ‘tied aid’, in that it comesattached to loans and financial dependence. 23 Research andpolicy advice could be required to stand on their own meritsby giving developing-country governments ‘technicalassistance vouchers’ that they could cash in with the mostsuitable provider, whether the World Bank, another UN body,or a university. Another idea would be to split up the Bank’spolicy department, move the parts to various developingcountries, and require them to compete for business.• The Fund should concentrate much more on monitoring thenational economic policies of those systemically importantcountries that could threaten global financial stability, eventhough the developed countries have in recent decadesremained sublimely indifferent to IMF criticism. 24• To get real reform under way, donor governments should stopmaking their own aid conditional on countries having a Fundor Bank programme in place. Giving the IFIs such exaggeratedinfluence as ‘gatekeepers’ is neither warranted by their past304
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
Page 269 and 270: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
Page 271 and 272: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
Page 273 and 274: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
Page 275 and 276: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
Page 277 and 278: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
Page 279 and 280: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
Page 281 and 282: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
Page 283 and 284: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
Page 285 and 286: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
Page 287 and 288: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
Page 289 and 290: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
Page 291 and 292: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
Page 293 and 294: FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
Page 295 and 296: FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
Page 297 and 298: FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
Page 299 and 300: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
Page 301 and 302: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
Page 303 and 304: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
Page 305 and 306: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
Page 307 and 308: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
Page 309 and 310: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
Page 311 and 312: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
Page 313 and 314: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
Page 315 and 316: FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
Page 317 and 318: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
Page 319: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
Page 323 and 324: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
Page 325 and 326: FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
Page 327 and 328: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
Page 329 and 330: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
Page 331 and 332: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
Page 333 and 334: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
Page 335 and 336: THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
Page 337 and 338: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
Page 339 and 340: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
Page 341 and 342: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
Page 343 and 344: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
Page 345 and 346: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
Page 347 and 348: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
Page 349 and 350: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
Page 351 and 352: FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
Page 353 and 354: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
Page 355 and 356: FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
Page 357 and 358: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
Page 359 and 360: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
Page 361 and 362: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
Page 363 and 364: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
Page 365 and 366: FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
Page 367 and 368: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
Page 369 and 370: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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